{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:13:09Z","timestamp":1780431189792,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["US-Ireland Research Partnership Scheme, Grant No. 14\/US\/I3033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["US-Ireland Research Partnership Scheme, Grant No. 14\/US\/I3033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A vibration-based bridge scour detection procedure using a cantilever-based piezoelectric energy harvesting device (EHD) is proposed here. This has an advantage over an accelerometer-based method in that potentially, the requirement for a power source can be negated with the only power requirement being the storage and\/or transmission of the data. Ideally, this source of power could be fulfilled by the EHD itself, although much research is currently being done to explore this. The open-circuit EHD voltage is used here to detect bridge frequency shifts arising due to scour. Using one EHD attached to the central bridge pier, both scour at the pier of installation and scour at another bridge pier can be detected from the EHD voltage generated during the bridge free-vibration stage, while the harvester is attached to a healthy pier. The method would work best with an initial modal analysis of the bridge structure in order to identify frequencies that may be sensitive to scour. Frequency components corresponding to harmonic loading and electrical interference arising from experiments are removed using the filter bank property of singular spectrum analysis (SSA). These frequencies can then be monitored by using harvested voltage from the energy harvesting device and successfully utilised towards structural health monitoring of a model bridge affected by scour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"2572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Scour Damage Detection and Structural Health Monitoring of a Laboratory-Scaled Bridge Using a Vibration Energy Harvesting Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1358-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdollah","family":"Malekjafarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7782-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basuraj","family":"Bhowmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy Ireland, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke J.","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy Ireland, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chul-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Budhaditya","family":"Hazra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Pakrashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and Centre for Marine and Renewable Energy Ireland, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene J.","family":"OBrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin, D04V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamill, L. 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