{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T15:57:13Z","timestamp":1781279833932,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007053","name":"Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20172010000420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20172010000420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004083","name":"Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016M1A3A9005563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016M1A3A9005563"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving a vehicle driver\u2019s performance decreases the damage caused by, and chances of, road accidents. In recent decades, engineers and researchers have proposed several strategies to model and improve driving monitoring and assistance systems (DMAS). This work presents a comprehensive survey of the literature related to driving processes, the main reasons for road accidents, the methods of their early detection, and state-of-the-art strategies developed to assist drivers for a safe and comfortable driving experience. The studies focused on the three main elements of the driving process, viz. driver, vehicle, and driving environment are analytically reviewed in this work, and a comprehensive framework of DMAS, major research areas, and their interaction is explored. A well-designed DMAS improves the driving experience by continuously monitoring the critical parameters associated with the driver, vehicle, and surroundings by acquiring and processing the data obtained from multiple sensors. A discussion on the challenges associated with the current and future DMAS and their potential solutions is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1559879791000},"page":"2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["A Comprehensive Survey of Driving Monitoring and Assistance Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Qasim","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Intelligent Systems Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Intelligent Systems Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019, March 30). WHO|Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011\u20132020. WHO 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/roadsafety\/decade_of_action\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Traffic, S. (2019, March 30). Vision Zero on the Move. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/road_safety\/sites\/roadsafety\/files\/pdf\/20151210_1_sweden.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Ranney, T.A., Garrott, W.R., and Goodman, M.J. (2001). NHTSA Driver Distraction Research: Past, Present, and Future, SAE Technical Paper."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Young, M.A.R., John, D.L., Kristie, Y., John, D.L. (2019). Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019, March 30). WHO|Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013. WHO 2015. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/road_safety_status\/2013\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2019, March 30). WHO|World Report on Road Traffic injury Prevention. WHO 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/publications\/road_traffic\/world_report\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Organization, W.H. (2019, April 04). Global Status Report on Road Safety: Time for action. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44122."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ayaz, H., and Dehais, F. (2019). Chapter 20\u2014EEG-Based Mental Workload Assessment During Real Driving: A Taxonomic Tool for Neuroergonomics in Highly Automated Environments. Neuroergonomics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.04.007","article-title":"The effects of driving environment complexity and dual tasking on drivers\u2019 mental workload and eye blink behavior","volume":"40","author":"Faure","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Sakakibara, K. (2005, January 22\u201327). Evaluation of driver\u2019s state of tension. Proceedings of the HCII 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Las Vegas, NA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitkina, O.V., Kim, J., Park, J., Park, J., and Kim, H.K. (2019). Identifying Traffic Context Using Driving Stress: A Longitudinal Preliminary Case Study. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092152"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2159493","article-title":"Cognitive Cars: A New Frontier for ADAS Research","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2409109","article-title":"Vehicle detection techniques for collision avoidance systems: A review","volume":"16","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","article-title":"Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems","volume":"37","author":"Endsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Factor"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stutts, J.C., Reinfurt, D.W., Staplin, L., and Rodgman, E. (2001). The Role of Driver Distraction in Traffic Crashes.","DOI":"10.1037\/e363942004-001"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ranney, T., Mazzae, E., Garrott, R., Goodman, M., and Administration, N.H.T.S. (2001, January 4\u20137). Driver distraction research: Past, present and future. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference of Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., G\u00f6rne, L., Yuen, I.-M., Cao, D., Sullman, M., Auger, D., Lv, C., Wang, H., Matthias, R., and Skrypchuk, L. (2017). An Orientation Sensor-Based Head Tracking System for Driver Behaviour Monitoring. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112692"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandakar, A., Chowdhury, M.E.H., Ahmed, R., Dhib, A., Mohammed, M., Al-Emadi, N.A.M.A., and Michelson, D. (2019). Portable System for Monitoring and Controlling Driver Behavior and the Use of a Mobile Phone While Driving. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071563"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fitch, G.M., Soccolich, S.A., Guo, F., McClafferty, J., Fang, Y., Olson, R.L., Perez, M.A., Hanowski, R.J., Hankey, J.M., and Dingus, T.A. (2013). The Impact of Hand-Held and Hands-Free Cell Phone Use on Driving Performance and Safety-Critical Event Risk, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husen, M.N., Lee, S., and Khan, M.Q. (2017, January 5\u20137). Syntactic pattern recognition of car driving behavior detection. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication, Beppu, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3022227.3022303"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2506602","article-title":"Detection of driver cognitive distraction: A comparison study of stop-controlled intersection and speed-limited highway","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hogsett, J., and Kiger, S. (2006). Driver Workload Metrics Project: Task 2 Final Report."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35890","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2851309","article-title":"Understanding Driver Response Patterns to Mental Workload Increase in Typical Driving Scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.08.013","article-title":"An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers\u2019 visual behavior and braking performance","volume":"39","author":"Harbluk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185315","article-title":"The effect of mental workload on the visual field size and shape","volume":"42","author":"Rantanen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Harbluk, J.L., Noy, Y.I., and Eizenman, M. (2002). The Impact of Cognitive Distraction on Driver Visual Behaviour and Vehicle Control, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0602_7","article-title":"Advances in relating eye movements and cognition","volume":"6","author":"Hayhoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(90)90067-P","article-title":"Eye movement indices of mental workload","volume":"75","author":"May","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyaji, M., Kawanaka, H., and Oguri, K. (2009, January 4\u20137). Driver\u2019s cognitive distraction detection using physiological features by the adaboost. Proceedings of the 12th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, St. Louis, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2009.5309881"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.05.001","article-title":"Combining cognitive and visual distraction: Less than the sum of its parts","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Smith, M., and Dufour, R. (2008). A Final Report of Safety Vehicles Using Adaptive Interface Technology (Technical Report Phase II: Task 7C): Visual Distraction, Delphi Electronics and Safety."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itoh, M. (2009, January 9\u201312). Individual differences in effects of secondary cognitive activity during driving on temperature at the nose tip. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Changchun, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2009.5246188"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesley, A., Shastri, D., and Pavlidis, I. (2010, January 10\u201315). A novel method to monitor driver\u2019s distractions. Proceedings of the CHI\u201910 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1753846.1754138"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"B231","article-title":"EEG correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks","volume":"78","author":"Berka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ranney, T.A. (2008). Driver Distraction: A Review of the Current State-of-Knowledge, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, H., Itoh, M., and Inagaki, T. (2008, January 20\u201322). Influence of cognitively distracting activity on driver\u2019s eye movement during preparation of changing lanes. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SICE.2008.4654776"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.004","article-title":"Issues arising from the HASTE experiments","volume":"8","author":"Carsten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Council, E.T.S. (2001). The Role of Driver Fatigue in Commercial Road Transport Crashes, European Transport Safety Council."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Brill, J.C., Hancock, P.A., and Gilson, R.D. (2003, January 21\u201324). Driver Fatigue: Is Something Missing?. Proceedings of the Driving Assessment Conference, Park City, UT, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2001). Driver Fatigue and Road Accidents: A Literature Review and Position Paper, ROSPA."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"621","article-title":"Safety of professional drivers: Literature review about prevention measures linked to sleeping","volume":"29","author":"Borrelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Mast, T.M., Jones, H.V., and Heimstra, N.W. (1966). Effects of Fatigue on Performance in a Driving Device, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and Effort, Citeseer."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Yabuta, K., Iizuka, H., Yanagishima, T., Kataoka, Y., and Seno, T. (1985). The Development of Drowsiness Warning Devices, SAE Technical Paper."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Elling, M., and Sherman, P. (November, January 31). Evaluation of steering wheel measures for drowsy drivers. Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation, Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Dingus, T., Hardee, L., and Wierwille, W. (1985). Development of Impaired Driver Detection Measures, Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Zhong, Y.-J., Du, L.-P., Zhang, K., and Sun, X.-H. (2007, January 2\u20134). Localized energy study for analyzing driver fatigue state based on wavelet analysis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wavelet Analysis and Pattern Recognition, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Skipper, J.H. (1985). An Investigation of Low-Level Stimulus-Induced Measures of Driver Drowsiness, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Stein, A.C. (1995). 15 Detecting fatigued drivers with vehicle simulators. Fatigue and Driving: Driver Impairment, Driver Fatigue, and Driving Simulation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackie, R.R. (1977). Performance Decrement during Prolonged Night Driving. Vigilance, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2529-1"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Safford, R.R., and Rockwell, T.H. (1967). Performance decrement in twenty-four hour driving. Highway Research Record, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(1998). PERCLOS: A Valid Psychophysiological Measure of Alertness as Assessed by Psychomotor Vigilance, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17491","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917491","article-title":"Estimation of Eye Closure Degree Using EEG Sensors and Its Application in Driver Drowsiness Detection","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101106","article-title":"Fusion of Optimized Indicators from Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for Driver Drowsiness Detection","volume":"14","author":"Daza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskandarian, A., Sayed, R., Delaigue, P., Mortazavi, A., and Blum, J. (2007). Advanced Driver Fatigue Research, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.","DOI":"10.1037\/e563992012-001"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Chen, L., Peng, J., and Wu, Y. (2017). Automatic Detection of Driver Fatigue Using Driving Operation Information for Transportation Safety. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061212"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2582900","article-title":"Towards detection of bus driver fatigue based on robust visual analysis of eye state","volume":"18","author":"Mandal","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(97)00027-4","article-title":"Development of fatigue symptoms during simulated driving","volume":"29","author":"Nilsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Mohan, D. (2011, January 22\u201327). Analysis of road traffic fatality data for Asia. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kataoka, H., Satoh, Y., Aoki, Y., Oikawa, S., and Matsui, Y. (2018). Temporal and Fine-Grained Pedestrian Action Recognition on Driving Recorder Database. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020627"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Thorslund, B. (2004). Electrooculogram Analysis and Development of a System for Defining Stages of Drowsiness, Statens V\u00e4g-och Transportforskningsinstitut."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2008.01.007","article-title":"Can SVM be used for automatic EEG detection of drowsiness during car driving?","volume":"47","author":"Yeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.012","article-title":"EEG-based mental fatigue measurement using multi-class support vector machines with confidence estimate","volume":"119","author":"Shen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2005.857555","article-title":"EEG-based drowsiness estimation for safety driving using independent component analysis","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skinner, B.T., Nguyen, H.T., and Liu, D.K. (2007, January 22\u201326). Classification of EEG Signals Using a Genetic-Based Machine Learning Classifier. Proceedings of the 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4352990"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2010.01.001","article-title":"EEG-based estimation of mental fatigue by using KPCA\u2013HMM and complexity parameters","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, T., Kim, M., Hong, S., and Park, K.S. (2016, January 16\u201320). Driver drowsiness detection using the in-ear EEG. Proceedings of the 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591763"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"3","article-title":"Detecting drowsy driver using pulse sensor","volume":"73","author":"Rahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furman, G.D., Baharav, A., Cahan, C., and Akselrod, S. (2008, January 14\u201317). Early detection of falling asleep at the wheel: A Heart Rate Variability approach. Proceedings of the 2008 Computers in Cardiology, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIC.2008.4749240"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(94)90012-4","article-title":"Indicators of fatigue in truck drivers","volume":"25","author":"Hartley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62383-3","article-title":"Measurement of Operator Workload with the Neuropsychological Workload Test Battery","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Hancock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Advances in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137308924483","article-title":"Mental Load and the Measurement of Heart Rate Variability","volume":"16","author":"Mulder","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00207546808929795","article-title":"Measurement of mental work load and of acceptable load: possible applications in industry","volume":"7","author":"Kalsbeek","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1448-7","article-title":"Drowsiness detection using heart rate variability","volume":"54","author":"Vicente","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139008927092","article-title":"Multivariate analysis of mental and physical load components in sinus arrhythmia scores","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.04.006","article-title":"Autonomic changes during wake\u2013sleep transition: A heart rate variability based approach","volume":"130","author":"Shinar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1079","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00287.2002","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of instantaneous heart rate: A study of autonomic control during thrombolysis","volume":"284","author":"Toledo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Yu, X., Berilla, J., Liu, Z., and Wu, G. (2011, January 14\u201316). An in-vehicle physiological signal monitoring system for driver fatigue detection. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation Purdue University Transportation Research Board, West Lafayette, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Yue, C. (2011). EOG Signals in Drowsiness Research. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Link\u00f6ping]."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Andreassi, J.L. (2010). Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701817062","article-title":"Blinks and saccades as indicators of fatigue in sleepiness warnings: Looking tired?","volume":"51","author":"Schleicher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thum Chia, C., Mustafa, M.M., Hussain, A., Hendi, S.F., and Majlis, B.Y. (2005, January 14\u201316). Development of vehicle driver drowsiness detection system using electrooculogram (EOG). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Computers, Communications, & Signal Processing with Special Track on Biomedical Engineering, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCSP.2005.4977181"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Boucsein, W. (2000). Ocular measures of fatigue and cognitive factors. Engineering psychophysiology: Issues and applications, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Svensson, U. (2004). Blink Behaviour Based Drowsiness Detection: Method Development and Validation, Statens V\u00e4g-och Transportforskningsinstitut."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Ebrahim, P. (2016). Driver Drowsiness Monitoring Using Eye Movement Features Derived from Electrooculography, University of Stuttgart."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00891.x","article-title":"Slow eye movement detection can prevent sleep-related accidents effectively in a simulated driving task","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.04.014","article-title":"Electromyographical manifestations of muscle fatigue during different levels of simulated light manual assembly work","volume":"19","author":"Bosch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1251\/bpo115","article-title":"Techniques of EMG signal analysis: Detection, processing, classification and applications","volume":"8","author":"Reaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Proc. Online"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/10.821766","article-title":"Time-frequency analysis of myoelectric signals during dynamic contractions: A comparative study","volume":"47","author":"Karlsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450006","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065714500063","article-title":"Detection of driving fatigue by using noncontact EMG and ECG signals measurement system","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neural Syst."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Chen, R. (2013). Sitting Behaviour-Based Pattern Recognition for Predicting Driver Fatigue. [Ph.D. Thesis, Deakin University]."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2006.12.005","article-title":"EMG-based analysis of change in muscle activity during simulated driving","volume":"11","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2077291","article-title":"Driver Drowsiness Classification Using Fuzzy Wavelet-Packet-Based Feature-Extraction Algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Khushaba","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Z.X., Foong, R., and Ang, K.K. (2015, January 2\u20134). Determining mechanical and electromyographical reaction time in a BCI driving fatigue experiment. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing (ICICS), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICS.2015.7459814"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2004.03.004","article-title":"Electromyographical assessment on muscular fatigue\u2014an elaboration upon repetitive typing activity","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964460","article-title":"Electromyographical study on surgeons in urology. II. Determination of muscular fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Luttmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.819901","article-title":"Wavelet analysis of surface electromyography","volume":"11","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.3390\/s120506075","article-title":"A Stress Sensor Based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Controlled by ZigBee","volume":"12","author":"Villarejo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haag, A., Goronzy, S., Schaich, P., and Williams, J. (2004). Emotion Recognition Using Bio-Sensors: First Steps towards an Automatic System, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24842-2_4"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1002\/tee.22423","article-title":"Evaluation of dynamics of forehead skin temperature under induced drowsiness","volume":"12","author":"Bando","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEJ Trans. Electr. Electron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awais, M., Badruddin, N., and Drieberg, M. (2017). A Hybrid Approach to Detect Driver Drowsiness Utilizing Physiological Signals to Improve System Performance and Wearability. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17091991"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Li, P., Lin, H., Rohani, E., Choi, G., Shao, B., and Wang, Q. (2013, January 8\u201314). Support Vector Machine Based Detection of Drowsiness Using Minimum EEG Features. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Social Computing, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SocialCom.2013.124"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue-Qin, H., Zheng, W., and Lu, B. (2016, January 24\u201329). Driving fatigue detection with fusion of EEG and forehead EOG. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2016.7727294"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1109\/10.508542","article-title":"Selective discrete Fourier transform algorithm for time-frequency analysis: Method and application on simulated and cardiovascular signals","volume":"43","author":"Keselbrener","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.01.085","article-title":"The ANN-based computing of drowsy level","volume":"36","author":"Kurt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20873","DOI":"10.3390\/s150820873","article-title":"A Context-Aware EEG Headset System for Early Detection of Driver Drowsiness","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawhern, V., Kerick, S., and Robbins, K.A. (2013). Detecting alpha spindle events in EEG time series using adaptive autoregressive models. BMC Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-101"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.10.044","article-title":"EEG alpha spindle measures as indicators of driver fatigue under real traffic conditions","volume":"122","author":"Simon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, Z., Hu, J., and Min, J. (2017). Driver Fatigue Detection System Using Electroencephalography Signals Based on Combined Entropy Features. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020150"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Luo, D., Rasim, Y., Li, Y., Meng, G., Xu, J., and Wang, C. (2016). A Vehicle Active Safety Model: Vehicle Speed Control Based on Driver Vigilance Detection Using Wearable EEG and Sparse Representation. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020242"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-0807-5","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of eye-blink parameters as a drowsiness measure","volume":"89","author":"Caffier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-007-0311-y","article-title":"Monitoring eye and eyelid movements by infrared reflectance oculography to measure drowsiness in drivers","volume":"11","author":"Johns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Somnologie Schlafforschung Und Schlafmed."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"41","article-title":"An EOG-based Vigilance Estimation Method Applied for Driver Fatigue Detection","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biomed. Eng. (Discontin.)"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.01.002","article-title":"A wavelet based method for automatic detection of slow eye movements: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Magosso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/h0072362","article-title":"Horizontal eye movements at the onset of sleep","volume":"36","author":"Miles","year":"1929","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Freitas, I. (2008). Fatigue Detection in EMG Signals. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Lisbon]."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14283","DOI":"10.3182\/20110828-6-IT-1002.00706","article-title":"EOG-based drowsiness detection: Comparison between a fuzzy system and two supervised learning classifiers","volume":"44","author":"Picot","year":"2011","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00309-8","article-title":"The boundary between wakefulness and sleep: Quantitative electroencephalographic changes during the sleep onset period","volume":"107","author":"Ferrara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2402153","article-title":"Stability and Scalability of Homogeneous Vehicular Platoon: Study on the Influence of Information Flow Topologies","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2060218","article-title":"Parallel control and management for intelligent transportation systems: Concepts, architectures, and applications","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.11.011","article-title":"Estimation of driving style in naturalistic highway traffic using maneuver transition probabilities","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"245641","article-title":"Modeling and recognizing driver behavior based on driving data: A survey","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2187640","article-title":"Safe Driving Using Mobile Phones","volume":"13","author":"Fazeen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ieee Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-015-0075-5","article-title":"Field operational test of advanced driver assistance systems in typical Chinese road conditions: The influence of driver gender, age and aggression","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filev, D., Lu, J., Prakah-Asante, K., and Tseng, F. (2009, January 11\u201314). Real-time driving behavior identification based on driver-in-the-loop vehicle dynamics and control. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2009.5346735"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T., and Son, J. (2011). Relationships between Driving Style and Fuel Consumption in Highway Driving, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-28-0051"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj5010173","article-title":"An Investigation on the Effect of Driver Style and Driving Events on Energy Demand of a PHEV","volume":"5","author":"Rajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Electr. Veh. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D.A., and Trivedi, M.M. (2011, January 5\u20137). Driving style recognition using a smartphone as a sensor platform. Proceedings of the 2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6083078"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, F., Nallapa, S., Dobryden, A., Grand, C., McGee, R., and Filev, D. (2010). Design and Analysis of an Adaptive Real-Time Advisory System for Improving Real World Fuel Economy in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2010-01-0835"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karginova, N., Byttner, S., and Svensson, M. (2012). Data-Driven Methods for Classification of Driving Styles in Buses, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0744"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaitkus, V., Lengvenis, P., and \u017dylius, G. (2014, January 2\u20135). Driving style classification using long-term accelerometer information. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR), Mi\u0119dzyzdroje, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMAR.2014.6957429"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jachimczyk, B., Dziak, D., Czapla, J., Damps, P., and Kulesza, W.J. (2018). IoT On-Board System for Driving Style Assessment. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041233"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., and Lukic, S.M. (2011, January 6\u20139). Review of driving conditions prediction and driving style recognition based control algorithms for hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VPPC.2011.6043061"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rr, D., Grabengiesser, D., and Gauterin, F. (2014, January 8\u201311). Online driving style recognition using fuzzy logic. Proceedings of the 17th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2014.6957822"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2409870","article-title":"Establishing Style-Oriented Driver Models by Imitating Human Driving Behaviors","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Murphey, Y.L., Milton, R., and Kiliaris, L. (April, January 30). Driver\u2019s style classification using jerk analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Vehicles and Vehicular Systems, Nashville, TN, USA."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2015.02.007","article-title":"Personalised assistance for fuel-efficient driving","volume":"58","author":"Gilman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sysoev, M., Kos, A., Guna, J., and Poga\u010dnik, M. (2017). Estimation of the Driving Style Based on the Users\u2019 Activity and Environment Influence. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102404"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.15837\/ijccc.2010.5.2221","article-title":"Driving style analysis using data mining techniques","volume":"5","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Commun. Control"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(03)00010-1","article-title":"The multidimensional driving style inventory\u2014Scale construct and validation","volume":"36","author":"Mikulincer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzoni, V., Corti, A., Luca, P.D., and Savaresi, S.M. (2010, January 19\u201322). Driving style estimation via inertial measurements. Proceedings of the 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Madeira Island, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5625113"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubauer, J.S., and Wood, E. (2013). Accounting for the Variation of Driver Aggression in the Simulation of Conventional and Advanced Vehicles.","DOI":"10.4271\/2013-01-1453"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corti, A., Ongini, C., Tanelli, M., and Savaresi, S.M. (2013, January 13\u201316). Quantitative Driving Style Estimation for Energy-Oriented Applications in Road Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.632"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12239-009-0071-8","article-title":"Preliminary classification of driving style with objective rank method","volume":"10","author":"Augustynowicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Automot. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(01)00003-7","article-title":"Independent driving pattern factors and their influence on fuel-use and exhaust emission factors","volume":"6","author":"Ericsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syed, F.U., Filev, D., and Ying, H. (2007, January 24\u201327). Fuzzy Rule-Based Driver Advisory System for Fuel Economy Improvement in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Proceedings of the NAFIPS 2007\u20142007 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAFIPS.2007.383833"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2005.844685","article-title":"Intelligent energy management agent for a parallel hybrid vehicle-part I: System architecture and design of the driving situation identification process","volume":"54","author":"Langari","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Sim, H., and Oh, J. (2012). The Flexible EV\/HEV and SOC Band Control Corresponding to Driving Mode, Driver\u2019s Driving Style and Environmental Circumstances, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-1016"},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Stoichkov, R. (2013). Android Smartphone Application for Driving Style Recognition, Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Institute for Media Technology."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2006.888405","article-title":"Driver Modeling Based on Driving Behavior and Its Evaluation in Driver Identification","volume":"95","author":"Miyajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2013.10.003","article-title":"Driving behavior at a roundabout: A hierarchical Bayesian regression analysis","volume":"26","author":"Mudgal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Ly, M.V., Martin, S., and Trivedi, M.M. (2013, January 23\u201326). Driver classification and driving style recognition using inertial sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Gold Coast City, Australia."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9546","DOI":"10.3390\/s140609546","article-title":"Robust Sensing of Approaching Vehicles Relying on Acoustic Cues","volume":"14","author":"Mizumachi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Kim, J., Hong, S., Baek, J., Kim, E., and Lee, H. (2012, January 5\u20137). Autonomous vehicle detection system using visible and infrared camera. Proceedings of the 2012 12th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, Guangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2007.908572","article-title":"Automatic Vehicle Detection Using Local Features\u2014A Statistical Approach","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sen, R., Siriah, P., and Raman, B. (2011, January 27\u201330). RoadSoundSense: Acoustic sensing based road congestion monitoring in developing regions. Proceedings of the 8th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2011.5984883"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2005.1411417","article-title":"Vehicle detection with a mobile camera: Spotting midrange, distant, and passing cars","volume":"12","author":"Groen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ieng, S., Vrignon, J., Gruyer, D., and Aubert, D. (2005, January 6\u20138). A new multi-lanes detection using multi-camera for robust vehicle location. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2005.1505185"},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"For, W.-K., Leman, K., Eng, H.-L., Chew, B.-F., and Wan, K.-W. (2008, January 4\u20136). A multi-camera collaboration framework for real-time vehicle detection and license plate recognition on highways. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Hirvonen, P.C.D., and Southall, T.C.B. (2005, January 20\u201326). Stereo-Based Object Detection, Classification, and Quantitative Evaluation with Automotive Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201905)-Workshops, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.-C., Lee, C.-H., Kwon, S., and Kim, J. (2011, January 5\u20139). Event-driven track management method for robust multi-vehicle tracking. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Baden-Baden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940458"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowsari, T., Beauchemin, S.S., and Cho, J. (2011, January 5\u20137). Real-time vehicle detection and tracking using stereo vision and multi-view AdaBoost. Proceedings of the 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6082972"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2012.11.003","article-title":"A support vector machine approach to CMOS-based radar signal processing for vehicle classification and speed estimation","volume":"58","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nashashibi, F., and Bargeton, A. (2008, January 4\u20136). Laser-based vehicles tracking and classification using occlusion reasoning and confidence estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621244"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)31996-1","article-title":"Obstacle detection and tracking by millimeter wave radar","volume":"37","author":"Blanc","year":"2004","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Zhou, Z., Zhao, C., and Zou, W. (2012, January 10\u201315). A compressed sensing radar detection scheme for closing vehicle detection. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6364925"},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Sang Jin, P., Tae Yong, K., Sung Min, K., and Kyung Heon, K. (2003, January 8\u201313). A novel signal processing technique for vehicle detection radar. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2014.04.020","article-title":"Beeping ADAS: Reflexive effect on drivers\u2019 behavior","volume":"25","author":"Biondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natale, D.J., Tutwiler, R.L., Baran, M.S., and Durkin, J.R. (2010, January 23\u201325). Using full motion 3D Flash LIDAR video for target detection, segmentation, and tracking. Proceedings of the IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis & Interpretation (SSIAI), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSIAI.2010.5483929"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Yu, H., Dai, H., Song, S., Lin, M., Sun, B., Jiang, W., and Meng, M.Q.-H. (2018). An Improved Calibration Method for a Rotating 2D LIDAR System. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020497"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadow, U., Schneider, G., and Vukotich, A. (2007, January 13\u201315). Radar-Vision Based Vehicle Recognition with Evolutionary Optimized and Boosted Features. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2007.4290206"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velazquez-Pupo, R., Sierra-Romero, A., Torres-Roman, D., Shkvarko, Y.V., Santiago-Paz, J., G\u00f3mez-Guti\u00e9rrez, D., Robles-Valdez, D., Hermosillo-Reynoso, F., and Romero-Delgado, M. (2018). Vehicle Detection with Occlusion Handling, Tracking, and OC-SVM Classification: A High Performance Vision-Based System. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020374"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, B., Gibson, D.R.P., and Middleton, D. (2013). Motorcycle Detection and Counting Using Stereo Camera, IR Camera, and Microphone Array, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2003220"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanc, C., Trassoudaine, L., and Gallice, J. (2005, January 25\u201328). EKF and particle filter track-to-track fusion: A quantitative comparison from radar\/lidar obstacle tracks. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Fusion, Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2005.1592007"},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"Chellappa, R., Gang, Q., and Qinfen, Z. (2004, January 17\u201321). Vehicle detection and tracking using acoustic and video sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(99)00034-7","article-title":"Multisensor obstacle detection and tracking","volume":"18","author":"Stiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"F, S.A.R., Fr\u00e9mont, V., Bonnifait, P., and Cherfaoui, V. (2010, January 19\u201322). Visual confirmation of mobile objects tracked by a multi-layer lidar. Proceedings of the 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Madeira Island, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Premebida, C., Monteiro, G., Nunes, U., and Peixoto, P. (October, January 30). A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, Bellevue, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritsch, J., Michalke, T., Gepperth, A., Bone, S., Waibel, F., Kleinehagenbrock, M., Gayko, J., and Goerick, C. (2008, January 4\u20136). Towards a human-like vision system for Driver Assistance. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621227"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Han, F., and Ibrahim, F. (October, January 30). A Radar Guided Vision System for Vehicle Validation and Vehicle Motion Characterization. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2007.4357754"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alefs, B., Schreiber, D., and Clabian, M. (2005, January 6\u20138). Hypothesis based vehicle detection for increased simplicity in multi-sensor ACC. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2005.1505112"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Sparbert, J., and Stiller, C. (2008, January 4\u20136). IMMPDA vehicle tracking system using asynchronous sensor fusion of radar and vision. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621161"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertozzi, M., Bombini, L., Cerri, P., Medici, P., Antonello, P.C., and Miglietta, M. (2008, January 4\u20136). Obstacle detection and classification fusing radar and vision. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621304"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2006.888597","article-title":"Vehicle and Guard Rail Detection Using Radar and Vision Data Fusion","volume":"8","author":"Alessandretti","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia, F., Cerri, P., Broggi, A., Escalera, A.d.l., and Armingol, J.M. (2012, January 3\u20137). Data fusion for overtaking vehicle detection based on radar and optical flow. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232199"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kmiotek, P., Kmiotek, P., and Ruichek, Y. (2008, January 20\u201322). Multisensor fusion based tracking of coalescing objects in urban environment for an autonomous vehicle navigation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/MFI.2008.4648107"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakr, M.A., and Lee, S. (2017). Distributed Multisensor Data Fusion under Unknown Correlation and Data Inconsistency. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112472"},{"key":"ref_188","unstructured":"(2019, March 03). Audi|Luxury Sedans, SUVs, Convertibles, Electric Vehicles & More. Available online: https:\/\/www.audiusa.com\/."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Bmw (2019, April 07). The international BMW Website|BMW.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.bmw.com\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"(2019, March 03). New Cars, Trucks, SUVs & Hybrids|Toyota Official Site. Available online: https:\/\/www.toyota.com."},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"(2019, May 01). Mercedes-Benz International: News, Pictures, Videos & Livestreams. Available online: https:\/\/www.mercedes-benz.com\/content\/com\/en."},{"key":"ref_192","unstructured":"Ford (2019, May 01). Ford\u2014New Cars, Trucks, SUVs, Crossovers & Hybrids|Vehicles Built Just for You|Ford.com. Available online: https:\/\/www.ford.com\/."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurihata, H., Takahashi, T., Ide, I., Mekada, Y., Murase, H., Tamatsu, Y., and Miyahara, T. (2005, January 6\u20138). Rainy weather recognition from in-vehicle camera images for driver assistance. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2005.1505103"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2005.73","article-title":"IVS 05: New developments and research trends for intelligent vehicles","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_195","unstructured":"Lee, J., Hoffman, J., Stoner, H., Seppelt, B., and Brown, M. (2016, January 10\u201314). Application of ecological interface design to driver support systems. Proceedings of the IEA 16th World Congress on Ergonomics, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horter, M.H., Stiller, C., and Koelen, C. (2009, January 3\u20135). A hardware and software framework for automotive intelligent lighting. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164294"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halimeh, J.C., and Roser, M. (2009, January 3\u20135). Raindrop detection on car windshields using geometric-photometric environment construction and intensity-based correlation. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164347"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gormer, S., Kummert, A., Park, S., and Egbert, P. (2009, January 3\u20135). Vision-based rain sensing with an in-vehicle camera. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164291"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2009.119","article-title":"IVS 09: Future Research in Vehicle Vision Systems","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio, J.C., Serrat, J., L\u00f3pez, A.M., and Ponsa, D. (2010, January 19\u201322). Multiple target tracking for intelligent headlights control. Proceedings of the 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Madeira Island, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5624997"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2009.935536","article-title":"CAR-2-X and Pedestrian Safety","volume":"5","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1068\/p251081","article-title":"The information that drivers use: Is it indeed 90% visual?","volume":"25","author":"Sivak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"Hahn, W. (1996, January 13\u201316). Vision enhancement-concepts for the future?. Proceedings of the International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2049843","article-title":"Investigation of Driver Performance with Night Vision and Pedestrian Detection Systems\u2014Part I: Empirical Study on Visual Clutter and Glance Behavior","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/21.156574","article-title":"Ecological interface design: Theoretical foundations","volume":"22","author":"Vicente","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0501_3","article-title":"On the Design of Adaptive Automation for Complex Systems","volume":"5","author":"Kaber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, N.A., Hedge, A., Brookhuis, K., Salas, E., and Hendrick, H.W. (2004). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203489925"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12544-009-0009-2","article-title":"Driver-vehicle interfaces and interaction: Where are they going?","volume":"1","author":"Damiani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"Salvucci, D.D. (April, January 31). Predicting the effects of in-car interfaces on driver behavior using a cognitive architecture. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220110110342","article-title":"Review and reappraisal of adaptive interfaces: Toward biologically inspired paradigms","volume":"3","author":"Rothrock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"Burnett, G. (2019, January 21\u201322). A road-based evaluation of different positions for an in-vehicle navigation display. Proceedings of the International Conference of Traffic and Transport Psychology, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Bradley, D.P. (2004). The TIMIDDS Project: Transparent Integration of Multiple Intelligent Data and Display Systems. [Bachelor Thesis, Queen\u2019s University]."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Champoux, B. (2005, January 6\u20138). A mode of interaction for driver vehicle interface (DVI). Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2005.1505202"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2005.04.009","article-title":"Peripheral detection as a workload measure in driving: Effects of traffic complexity and route guidance system use in a driving study","volume":"8","author":"Jahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"Caleefato, C., Montanari, R., and Tango, F. (2007). Advanced Drivers Assistant Systems in Automation, Springer."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X250674","article-title":"A Comparison of Tactile, Visual, and Auditory Warnings for Rear-End Collision Prevention in Simulated Driving","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Sekiyama, K., and Fukuda, T. (2008, January 6\u20139). User-Adaptive Interface with Reconfigurable Keypad for In-vehicle Information Systems. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Micro-Nano Mechatronics and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/MHS.2008.4752504"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niedermaier, B., Durach, S., Eckstein, L., and Keinath, A. (2009). The New BMW iDrive\u2014Applied Processes and Methods to Assure High Usability, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02809-0_47"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2010.04.009","article-title":"Preparing lane changes while driving in a fixed-base simulator: Effects of advance information about direction and amplitude on reaction time and steering kinematics","volume":"13","author":"Hofmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2048751","article-title":"Towards the Automotive HMI of the Future: Overview of the AIDE-Integrated Project Results","volume":"11","author":"Amditis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-006-0032-1","article-title":"A function-centred approach to joint driver-vehicle system design","volume":"8","author":"Hollnagel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cogn. Technol. Work"},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"Amberkar, S., Bolourchi, F., Demerly, J., and Millsap, S. (2004). A Control System Methodology for Steer by Wire Systems, SAE Technical Paper. 0148-7191."},{"key":"ref_223","unstructured":"Yih, P. (2005). Steer-by-Wire: Implications for Vehicle Handling and Safety. [Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University]."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2006.08.003","article-title":"Fault tolerant real time control system for steer-by-wire electro-hydraulic systems","volume":"17","author":"Haggag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"353","article-title":"Coordination of the authority between the vehicle driver and a steering assist controller","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Syst. Control"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1080\/00423110903267405","article-title":"Resistance torque control for steer-by-wire system to improve human\u2013machine interface","volume":"48","author":"Hayama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2006.05.006","article-title":"Driver-training and emergency brake performance in cars with antilock braking systems","volume":"44","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130802331583","article-title":"Haptic gas pedal feedback","volume":"51","author":"Mulder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2043672","article-title":"Characterization of Expert Drivers\u2019 Last-Second Braking and Its Application to a Collision Avoidance System","volume":"11","author":"Wada","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1243\/09544070JAUTO1585","article-title":"Characterization and Development of the Ideal Pedal Force, Pedal Travel, and Response Time in the Brake System for the Translation of the Voice of the Customer to Engineering Specifications","volume":"224","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2051667","article-title":"A Situation-Adaptive Lane-Keeping Support System: Overview of the SAFELANE Approach","volume":"11","author":"Amditis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2046037","article-title":"Maneuver-Based Trajectory Planning for Highly Autonomous Vehicles on Real Road with Traffic and Driver Interaction","volume":"11","author":"Glaser","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/00423110701432482","article-title":"Driver models in automobile dynamics application","volume":"45","author":"Edelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_234","unstructured":"Yih, P., Ryu, J., and Gerdes, J.C. (2003, January 4\u20136). Modification of vehicle handling characteristics via steer-by-wire. Proceedings of the 2003 American Control Conference, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8478(98)00008-4","article-title":"Behavioural adaptation to driving with an adaptive cruise control (ACC)","volume":"1","author":"Hoedemaeker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2008.07.003","article-title":"Smart collaboration between humans and machines based on mutual understanding","volume":"32","author":"Inagaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130500448085","article-title":"The ironies of vehicle feedback in car design","volume":"49","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/6.946636","article-title":"Keeping cars from crashing","volume":"38","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1109\/6.975028","article-title":"Building safer cars","volume":"39","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_240","unstructured":"Inagaki, T., Furukawa, H., and Itoh, M. (2005, January 25\u201327). Human interaction with adaptive automation: Strategies for trading of control under possibility of over-trust and complacency. Proceedings of the HCI International 2005, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2043099","article-title":"Driver Behavior Analysis during ACC Activation and Deactivation in a Real Traffic Environment","volume":"11","author":"Pauwelussen","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2010.04.006","article-title":"The effects of a driver assistance system for safe speed and safe distance\u2014A real-life field study","volume":"19","author":"Adell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.08.022","article-title":"Driver braking behavior analysis to improve autonomous emergency braking systems in typical Chinese vehicle-bicycle conflicts","volume":"108","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.07.018","article-title":"Automated driving: Safety blind spots","volume":"102","author":"Noy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2018.112130058","article-title":"Emerging ADAS Thermal Reliability Needs and Solutions","volume":"38","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2823744","article-title":"Human-Centered Risk Assessment of an Automated Vehicle Using Vehicular Wireless Communication","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2018.2842241","article-title":"Robust Communication for Cooperative Driving Maneuvers","volume":"10","author":"Sawade","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_248","unstructured":"(2019, April 04). ISO 26262-1:2018. Available online: http:\/\/www.iso.org\/cms\/render\/live\/en\/sites\/isoorg\/contents\/data\/standard\/06\/83\/68383.html."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palin, R., Ward, D., Habli, I., and Rivett, R. (2011, January 20\u201322). ISO 26262 safety cases: Compliance and assurance. Proceedings of the 6th IET International Conference on System Safety, Birmingham, UK.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2011.0251"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:56:34Z","timestamp":1760187394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112574","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]}}}