{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:34:29Z","timestamp":1790040869244,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Importation and Development of High-Caliber Talents Project of Beijing Municipal Institutions","award":["CIT&TCD201704053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIT&TCD201704053"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Project of Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["grant no. 2017-K4-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant no. 2017-K4-002"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Project of Beijing Educational Committee","award":["KM201910016005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM201910016005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a novel instantaneous total energy method to perform an activity analysis of ground fissures deformation, which is calculated by integrating the extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition (ESMD) method and kinetic energy based on the time-series displacement acquired by shape acceleration array (SAA) sensors. The proposed method is tested on the Xiwang Road fissure in Beijing, China. First, to fully monitor the hanging wall and footwall of the monitored ground fissure, a 4 m-long SAA in the vertical direction and an 8 m-long SAA in the horizontal direction were embedded in a ground fissure to obtain an accurate time-series displacement with an accuracy of \u00b11.5 mm\/32 m and a displacement acquisition frequency of once an hour. Second, to improve the accuracy of the activity analysis, the ESMD method and Spearman\u2019s rho are applied to perform signal denoising of the original time-series displacement obtained by the SAA sensors. Finally, the instantaneous total energy is obtained to analyze the activity of the monitored ground fissure. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is more reliable to reflect the activity of a monitored ground fissure compared to the time-series displacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1560136611000},"page":"2607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Deformation Activity Analysis of a Ground Fissure Based on Instantaneous Total Energy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xianglei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Geomatics of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Engineering Research Center of Representative Building and Architectural Heritage Database, the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Urban Geomatics of National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Engineering Research Center of Representative Building and Architectural Heritage Database, the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Geo-enginnering and Exploration, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4246-4802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7952(95)00088-7","article-title":"Evolution and origin of the ground fissures in Xian, China","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5928-3","article-title":"Characteristics of land subsidence, earth fissures and related disaster chain effects with respect to urban hazards in Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"75","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Tang, H., and Gong, X. (2019). Deformation Monitoring of Earth Fissure Hazards Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061463"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6859","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4670-6","article-title":"The bending mechanism of Anping ground fissure in the Hebei Plain, North China","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.008","article-title":"Land subsidence and ground fissures in Xi\u2019an, China 2005\u20132012 revealed by multi-band InSAR time-series analysis","volume":"155","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.12.004","article-title":"Rapid subsidence in damaging sinkholes: Measurement by high-precision leveling and the role of salt dissolution","volume":"303","author":"Desir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.12.001","article-title":"Subsidence and evolution of the Thessaloniki plain, Greece, based on historical leveling and GPS data","volume":"90","author":"Psimoulis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-008-1654-9","article-title":"Monitoring of land subsidence and ground fissures in Xian, China 2005\u20132006: Mapped by SAR interferometry","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Modeling the effect of data errors on feature extraction from digital elevation models","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s00445-003-0314-x","article-title":"A syn-eruptive ground deformation episode measured by GPS, during the 2001 eruption on the upper southern flank of Mt Etna","volume":"66","author":"Bonforte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00127-1","article-title":"Using Global Positioning System techniques in landslide monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Gili","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jog.2014.01.001","article-title":"Kinematic model of crustal deformation of Fenwei basin, China based on GPS observations","volume":"75","author":"Qu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/364138a0","article-title":"The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry","volume":"364","author":"Massonnet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.811553","article-title":"Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska","volume":"41","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8610","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708610","article-title":"Land subsidence, ground fissures and buried faults: InSAR monitoring of Ciudad Guzm\u00e1n (Jalisco, Mexico)","volume":"7","author":"Brunori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2018.1529711","article-title":"Ground deformation and fissure activity in Datong basin, China 2007\u20132010 revealed by multi-track InSAR","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6826(00)00252-2","article-title":"Calibration of atmospheric effects on SAR interferograms by GPS and local atmosphere models: First results","volume":"63","author":"Bonforte","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-016-0192-5","article-title":"Evelopment and application of a fixed-point fiber-optic sensing cable for ground fissure monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Suo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-015-1356-9","article-title":"Progression and mitigation of land subsidence in China","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H.H., Shi, B., and Zhang, C.C. (2017). FBG-based monitoring of geohazards: Current status and trends. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030452"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5467","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JB012085","article-title":"Abrupt magma chamber contraction and microseismicity at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Cause and effect determined from strainmeters and tiltmeters","volume":"120","author":"Amoruso","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Bradley, B., and Prado, G.R. (2015). The Use of Shape Accel Array for Monitoring Utilities during Urban Tunnel Drives. Crossrail Project: Infrastructure Design and Construction, ICE Publishing."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.10.027","article-title":"Assessment of ground-based monitoring techniques applied to landslide investigations","volume":"253","author":"Uhlemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchli, T., Laue, J., and Springman, S.M. (2016). Amendments to interpretations of SAAF inclinometer data from the Furggwanghorn rock glacier, Turtmann Valley, Switzerland: Results from 2010 to 2012. Vadose Zone J., 15.","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2015.09.0132"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"533","article-title":"Real-Time Construction Monitoring with a Wireless Shape-Acceleration Array System","volume":"179","author":"Abdoun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geotech. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Developing an early warning system for a very slow landslide based on displacement monitoring","volume":"81","author":"Macciotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazard"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1144\/1470-9236\/09-036","article-title":"Climate change and slope stability in the UK: Challenges and approaches","volume":"43","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huntley, D., Bobrowsky, P., Qing, Z., Sladen, W., Bunce, C., Edwards, T., and Choi, E. (2014). Fiber optic strain monitoring and evaluation of a slow-moving landslide near Ashcroft, British Columbia, Canada. Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04999-1_58"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-017-0900-1","article-title":"Measuring displacements of the Thompson River valley landslides, south of Ashcroft, BC, Canada, using satellite InSAR","volume":"15","author":"Journault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2018.04.006","article-title":"Probing the frontal deformation zone of the Chihshang Fault with boreholes and high-resolution electrical resistivity imaging methods: A case study at the Dapo site in eastern Taiwan","volume":"153","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"945","article-title":"Small Baseline Bubset InSAR Technology Used in Datong Basin Ground Subsidence, Fissure and Fault Zone Monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5194\/piahs-372-231-2015","article-title":"Study of the deformation mechanism of the Gaoliying ground fissure","volume":"372","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IAHS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193","article-title":"The Empirical Mode Decomposition and the Hilbert Spectrum for Nonlinear and Non-Stationary Time Series Analysis","volume":"454","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Lu, Z., and Yang, W. (2018). Dynamic Monitoring and Vibration Analysis of Ancient Bridges by Ground-Based Microwave Interferometry and the ESMD Method. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050770"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2013885","article-title":"Development of EMD-based denoising methods inspired by wavelet thresholding","volume":"57","author":"Kopsinis","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.11.030","article-title":"An EMD threshold de-noising method for inertial sensors","volume":"49","author":"Gan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350015","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536913500155","article-title":"Extreme-point symmetric mode decomposition method for data analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.909054","article-title":"A unifying discussion of correlation analysis for complex random vectors","volume":"56","author":"Schreier","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.08.005","article-title":"A comparative analysis of Spearman\u2019s rho and Kendall\u2019s tau in normal and contaminated normal models","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1007\/s10043-016-0275-x","article-title":"Relevant modes selection method based on Spearman correlation coefficient for laser signal denoising using empirical mode decomposition","volume":"23","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8558","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13202F","article-title":"A UV-visible absorption spectrum denoising method based on EEMD and an improved universal threshold filter","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793536911000659","article-title":"On Hilbert spectral representation: A true time-frequency representation for nonlinear and nonstationary data","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, L., and Wang, Q. (2016). Rapid multi-damage identification for health monitoring of laminated composites using piezoelectric wafer sensor arrays. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050638"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.01.038","article-title":"ESMD-based stability analysis in the progressive collapse of a building model: A case study of a reinforced concrete frame-shear wall model","volume":"120","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:57:01Z","timestamp":1760187421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/11\/2607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19112607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19112607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]]}}}