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Many factors contribute to this issue, including the increasing number of terrorist cells, gaps in security networks, politically unstable states across the globe and the black-market trading of radioactive sources to unknown parties. The use of passive gamma-ray and neutron detection and imaging technologies in security-sensitive areas and ports has had more impact than most other techniques in detecting and deterring illicit transportation and trafficking of illegal radioactive materials. This work reviews and critically evaluates these techniques as currently utilised within national security and non-proliferation applications and proposes likely avenues of development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T10:55:44Z","timestamp":1560250544000},"page":"2638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Passive Gamma-Ray and Neutron Imaging Systems for National Security and Nuclear Non-Proliferation in Controlled and Uncontrolled Detection Areas: Review of Past and Current Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7642-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajir","family":"Al Hamrashdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-0737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cheneler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764202239177","article-title":"Nuclear smuggling chains. 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