{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:13:54Z","timestamp":1774638834718,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>3D-printing technology is opening up new possibilities for the co-printing of sensory elements. While quasi-static research has shown promise, the dynamic performance has yet to be researched. This study researched smart 3D structures with embedded and printed sensory elements. The embedded strain sensor was based on the conductive PLA (Polylactic Acid) material. The research was focused on dynamic measurements of the strain and considered the theoretical background of the piezoresistivity of conductive PLA materials, the temperature effects, the nonlinearities, the dynamic range, the electromagnetic sensitivity and the frequency range. A quasi-static calibration used in the dynamic measurements was proposed. It was shown that the temperature effects were negligible, the sensory element was linear as long as the structure had a linear response, the dynamic range started at \u223c 30 \u03bc \u03f5 and broadband performance was in the range of few kHz (depending on the size of the printed sensor). The promising results support future applications of smart 3D-printed systems with embedded sensory elements being used for dynamic measurements in areas where currently piezo-crystal-based sensors are used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T10:55:19Z","timestamp":1560336919000},"page":"2661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Dynamic Measurements Using FDM 3D-Printed Embedded Strain Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Maurizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janko","family":"Slavi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1163-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cianetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Goffredo Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Jerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4911-1196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"Valentin\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Lebar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Poljanska c. 26a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Miha","family":"Bolte\u017ear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, A\u0161ker\u010deva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905729","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2045284","article-title":"All-printed smart structures: A viable option?","volume":"Volume 9057","author":"Ahmadkhanlou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems 2014"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ota, H., Emaminejad, S., Gao, Y., Zhao, A., Wu, E., Challa, S., Chen, K., Fahad, H.M., Jha, A.K., and Kiriya, D. 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