{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T18:46:59Z","timestamp":1772822819025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovac Research and Development Agency","award":["APVV-15-0721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0721"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) belongs to the common cultivated grass species in Central and Western Europe. Despite being considered to be susceptible to drought, it is frequently used for forming the turf in urban green areas. In such areas, the water deficit in soil is recognized as one of the most important environmental factors, which can limit plant growth. The basic aim of this work was to explore the mechanisms standing behind the changes in the photosynthetic apparatus performance of two perennial ryegrass turf varieties grown under drought stress using comprehensive in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence signal analyses and plant gas exchange measurements. Drought was applied after eight weeks of sowing by controlling the humidity of the roots ground medium at the levels of 30, 50, and 70% of the field water capacity. Measurements were carried out at four times: 0, 120, and 240 h after drought application and after recovery (refilling water to 70%). We found that the difference between the two tested varieties\u2019 response resulted from a particular re-reduction of P700+ (reaction certer of PSI) that was caused by slower electron donation from P680. The difference in the rate of electron flow from Photosystem II (PSII) to PSI was also detected. The application of the combined tools (plants\u2019 photosynthetic efficiency analysis and plant gas exchange measurements) allowed exploring and explaining the specific variety response to drought stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T02:42:46Z","timestamp":1560912166000},"page":"2736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Exploration of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence and Plant Gas Exchange Parameters as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Perennial Ryegrass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta H.","family":"Baczewska-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden-Center for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3833-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem M.","family":"Kalaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilij","family":"Goltsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kl. Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Momchil","family":"Paunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kl. Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1071-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Rapacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Department of Plant Physiology, 30-239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"W\u00f3jcik-Jag\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture in Krak\u00f3w, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Department of Plant Physiology, 30-239 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3069-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogumi\u0142a","family":"Pawlu\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"B\u0105ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian","family":"Brestic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2017.02.028","article-title":"Potential of using immobilizing agents in aided phytostabilization on simulated contamination of soil with lead","volume":"102","author":"Radziemska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radziemska, M., Bilgin, A., and Vaverkov\u00e1, M.D. (2018). Application of mineral\u2013based amendments for enhancing phytostabilization in Lolium perenne L. cultivation. Clean-Soil Air Water, 46.","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201600679"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0119\u015b, A., Warmi\u0144ski, K., and Adomas, B. (2019). Long-term responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) to the contamination of light soils with diesel oil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04328-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2013.05.009","article-title":"Mitigating surface urban heat island by a tree protection policy: A case study of The Woodland, Texas, USA","volume":"12","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1446.015","article-title":"Advances in urbanclimate modeling","volume":"1146","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.10.013","article-title":"Urban and peri-urban forests in the metropolitan area of Rome: Ecophysiological response of Quercus ilex L. in two greeninfrastructures in an ecosystem services perspective","volume":"14","author":"Fusaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.09.016","article-title":"The functioning of Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne under drought is improved to a different extend by the previous exposure to water deficit","volume":"156","author":"Nosalewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flexas, J., and Medrano, H. Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot., 2002.","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcf027"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.007","article-title":"Photosynthetic proton and electron transport in wheat leaves under prolonged moderate drought stress","volume":"137","author":"Zivcak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photoch. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-018-0766-z","article-title":"Prompt chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for crop phenotyping: An example of barley landraces exposed to various abiotic stress factors","volume":"56","author":"Kalaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2017.11.001","article-title":"Can chlorophyll-a fluorescence parameters be used as bio-indicators to distinguish between drought and salinity stress in Tilia cordata Mill?","volume":"152","author":"Kalaji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers265","article-title":"Changes in the chloroplast proteome following water deficit and subsequent watering in a high and a low drought tolerant genotype of Festuca arundinacea","volume":"63","author":"Kosmala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01027","article-title":"Remodeling of leaf cellular glycerolipid composition under drought and re-hydration conditions in grasses from the Lolium-Festuca complex","volume":"7","author":"Perlikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12594","article-title":"Long-term measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence using the JIP-test show that combined abiotic stresses influence the photosynthetic performance of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in a managed temperate grassland","volume":"161","author":"Digrado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.17221\/140\/2013-PSE","article-title":"The effect of light availability on leaf area index, biomass production and plant species composition of park grasslands in Warsaw","volume":"59","author":"Kalaji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species. 36th complete edition. (2017\/C 433\/01). Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3AC2017%2F433%2F01."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1093\/jexbot\/51.345.659","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: A practical guide","volume":"51","author":"Maxwell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh196","article-title":"Applications of chlorophyll fluorescence can improve crop production strategies: An examination of future possibilities","volume":"55","author":"Baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.06.067","article-title":"Interactive effect of salinity and zinc stress on growth and photosynthetic responses of the perennial grass, Polypogon monspeliensis","volume":"95","author":"Ouni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14026","article-title":"Taxonomic and ecological relevance of the chlorophyll a fluorescence signature of tree species in mixed European forests","volume":"212","author":"Pollastrini","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.13080\/z-a.2015.102.039","article-title":"Chlorophyll a fluorescence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties under long term exposure to shade","volume":"102","author":"Baczewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zemdirbyste-Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"977","article-title":"Measuring fast fluorescence transients to address environmental questions: The JIP-test","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Garab","year":"1995","journal-title":"Photosynthesis: From Light to Biosphere"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2010.10.009","article-title":"Effects of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and CO2 assimilation of two Syrian barley landraces","volume":"73","author":"Kalaji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010","article-title":"Govindjee On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and photosystem II: Basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient","volume":"104","author":"Stirbet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2007.01.002","article-title":"Probing the responses of barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) by chlorophyll a fluorescence OLKJIP under drought stress and re-watering","volume":"60","author":"Oukarroum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eviron. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.001","article-title":"Prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence as a rapid tool for diagnostic changes in PSII structure inhibited by salt stress in Perennial ryegrass","volume":"157","author":"Baczewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-016-0191-0","article-title":"Effects of drought stress on fluorescence characteristics of photosystem II in leaves of Plectranthus scutellarioides","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(03)00236-4","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of prompt and delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence in leaves during the induction period of dark to light adaptation","volume":"225","author":"Goltsev","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2003)077<0292:AOPIIB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Advances on Photosystem II investigation by measurement of delayed chlorophyll fluorescence by a phosphoroscopic method","volume":"77","author":"Zaharieva","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2008.08.002","article-title":"A kinetic model structure for delayed fluorescence from plants","volume":"95","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oukarroum, A., Goltsev, V., and Strasser, R.J. (2013). Temperature Effects on Pea Plants Probed by Simultaneous Measurements of the Kinetics of Prompt Fluorescence, Delayed Fluorescence and Modulated 820 nm Reflection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059433"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2016.11.031","article-title":"Delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence, MR 820, and gas exchange changes in perennial ryegrass under salt stress","volume":"183","author":"Kalaji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2010.03.008","article-title":"Simultaneous in vivo recording of prompt and delayed fluorescence and 820-nm reflection changes during drying and after rehydration of the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis","volume":"1797","author":"Strasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerget."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1071\/FP03032","article-title":"Characterization of the 820-nm transmission signal paralleling the chlorophyll a fluorescence rise (OJIP) in pea leaves","volume":"30","author":"Schansker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-009-9451-1","article-title":"Delayed fluorescence in photosynthesis","volume":"101","author":"Goltsev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"124","article-title":"Modulation of photosynthesis by drought in two desert scrub species exhibiting C3-mode CO2 assimilation","volume":"61","author":"Swanepoel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-005-5148-2","article-title":"Influence of short-term osmotic stress on the photosynthetic activity of barley seedlings","volume":"49","author":"Kocheva","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg186","article-title":"The responses of guard and mesophyll cell photosynthesis to CO2, O2, light, and water stress in a range of species are similar","volume":"54","author":"Lawson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1134\/S1067413614060083","article-title":"Effects of Drought Stress on Leaf Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Glycyrrhiza uralensis","volume":"46","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rus. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-010-0076-6","article-title":"Critical responses of photosynthetic efficiency of goldspur apple tree to soil water variation in semiarid loess hilly area","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"45","article-title":"Effects of soil drought stress on photosynthetic gas exchange traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in Forsythia suspensa","volume":"29","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10535-005-0089-3","article-title":"Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and stem diameter of soybean plants","volume":"50","author":"Ohashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-005-0412-9","article-title":"Effect of drought stress on chlorophyll a fluorescence and electrical admittance of shoots in Norway spruce seedlings","volume":"19","author":"Pukacki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-007-9629-6","article-title":"QTLs for chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in barley under post-flowering drought","volume":"163","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-008-9820-4","article-title":"Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for the identification of drought tolerance in upland cotton","volume":"66","author":"Longenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcm162","article-title":"Physiological and biochemical tools useful in drought-tolerance detection in genotypes of winter triticale: Accumulation of ferulic acid correlates with drought tolerance","volume":"100","author":"Hura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s11099-008-0108-7","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for evaluation of drought stress in strawberry","volume":"46","author":"Razavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.12074","article-title":"Influence of short-term drought conditions and subsequent re-watering on the physiology and proteome of Lolium multiflorum\/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms with contrasting levels of tolerance to long-term drought","volume":"16","author":"Perlikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2011.05.001","article-title":"Assessment of changes in photosystem II structure and function as affected by water deficit in Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. and Amaranthus hybridus L.","volume":"49","author":"Slabbert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2014.08.005","article-title":"Correlation between reactive oxygen species production and photochemistry of photosystems I and II in Lemna gibba L. plants under salt stress","volume":"109","author":"Oukarroum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759","article-title":"Chlorophyll fluorescence: A probe of photosynthesis in vivo","volume":"59","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.12.005","article-title":"Photosynthetic performance during leaf expansion in Malus micromalus probed by chlorophyll a fluorescence and modulated 820 nm reflection","volume":"137","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-012-9728-7","article-title":"Heat stress and the photosynthetic electron transport chain of the lichen Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Ach. in the dry and the wet state: Differences and similarities with the heat stress response of higher plants","volume":"111","author":"Oukarroum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2014.12.019","article-title":"Variations between the photosynthetic properties of elite and landrace Chinese rice cultivars revealed by simultaneous measurements of 820 nm transmission signal and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction","volume":"177","author":"Hamdani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2012.04.018","article-title":"Drought-induced modifications of photosynthetic electron transport in intact leaves: Analysis and use of neural networks as a tool for a rapid non-invasive estimation","volume":"1817","author":"Goltsev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2014.11.002","article-title":"Plant stress analysis: Application of prompt, delayed chlorophyll fluorescence and 820 nm modulated reflectance. Insights from independent experiments","volume":"85","author":"Salvatori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2018.11.005","article-title":"Drought-induced changes in photosynthetic electron transport in maize probed by prompt fluorescence, delayed fluorescence, P700 and cyclic electron flow signals","volume":"158","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/12\/2736\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:59:18Z","timestamp":1760187558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/12\/2736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s19122736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19122736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]}}}