{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:26:24Z","timestamp":1780053984672,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875225 and 51605095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875225 and 51605095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFB1702302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB1702302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015956","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019B090916001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B090916001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and timely bearing fault diagnosis is crucial to decrease the probability of unexpected failures of rotating machinery and improve the efficiency of its scheduled maintenance. Since convolutional neural networks (CNN) have poor feature extraction capability for sensor data with 1D format, CNN combined with signal processing algorithm is often adopted for fault diagnosis. This increases manual conversion work and expertise dependence while reducing the feasibility and robustness of the corresponding fault diagnosis method. In this paper, a novel sensor data-driven fault diagnosis method is proposed by fusing S-transform (ST) algorithm and CNN, namely ST-CNN. First of all, a ST layer is designed based on S-transform algorithm. In the ST layer, sensor data is automatically converted into 2D time-frequency matrix without manual conversion work. Then, a new ST-CNN model is constructed, and the time-frequency coefficient matrixes are inputted into the constructed ST-CNN model. After the training process of the ST-CNN model is completed, the classification layer such as softmax performs the fault diagnosis. Finally, the diagnosis performance of the proposed method is evaluated by using two public available datasets of bearings. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs the higher and more robust diagnosis performance than other existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T10:43:32Z","timestamp":1560941012000},"page":"2750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Sensor Data-Driven Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and S-Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-5475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuebing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronic Product Reliability and Environmental Testing Research Institute, Guangzhou 510610, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2017.09.023","article-title":"Mechanical model development of rolling bearing-rotor systems: A review","volume":"102","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. 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