{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:57:32Z","timestamp":1775199452115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,23]],"date-time":"2019-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Department of Transportation","award":["SPIP2014-1426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPIP2014-1426"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The functional validity of the signal obtained with low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) devices is still under debate. Here, we have conducted an in-depth comparison of the EEG-recordings obtained with a medical-grade golden-cup electrodes ambulatory device, the SOMNOwatch + EEG-6, vs those obtained with a consumer-grade, single dry electrode low-cost device, the NeuroSky MindWave, one of the most affordable devices currently available. We recorded EEG signals at Fp1 using the two different devices simultaneously on 21 participants who underwent two experimental phases: a 12-minute resting state task (alternating two cycles of closed\/open eyes periods), followed by 60-minute virtual-driving task. We evaluated the EEG recording quality by comparing the similarity between the temporal data series, their spectra, their signal-to-noise ratio, the reliability of EEG measurements (comparing the closed eyes periods), as well as their blink detection rate. We found substantial agreement between signals: whereas, qualitatively, the NeuroSky MindWave presented higher levels of noise and a biphasic shape of blinks, the similarity metric indicated that signals from both recording devices were significantly correlated. While the NeuroSky MindWave was less reliable, both devices had a similar blink detection rate. Overall, the NeuroSky MindWave is noise-limited, but provides stable recordings even through long periods of time. Furthermore, its data would be of adequate quality compared to that of conventional wet electrode EEG devices, except for a potential calibration error and spectral differences at low frequencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T02:37:40Z","timestamp":1561343860000},"page":"2808","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Validation of Electroencephalographic Recordings Obtained with a Consumer-Grade, Single Dry Electrode, Low-Cost Device: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-9432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Rieiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Diaz-Piedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5773-0368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Catena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Roca-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3203-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis J.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leandro L.","family":"Di Stasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"On the EEG in humans","volume":"87","author":"Berger","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch. 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