{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T18:25:47Z","timestamp":1771525547845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The counting of vehicles plays an important role in measuring the behavior patterns of traffic flow in cities, as streets and avenues can get crowded easily. To address this problem, some Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs) have been implemented in order to count vehicles with already established video surveillance infrastructure. With this in mind, in this paper, we present an on-line learning methodology for counting vehicles in video sequences based on Incremental Principal Component Analysis (Incremental PCA). This incremental learning method allows us to identify the maximum variability (i.e., motion detection) between a previous block of frames and the actual one by using only the first projected eigenvector. Once the projected image is obtained, we apply dynamic thresholding to perform image binarization. Then, a series of post-processing steps are applied to enhance the binary image containing the objects in motion. Finally, we count the number of vehicles by implementing a virtual detection line in each of the road lanes. These lines determine the instants where the vehicles pass completely through them. Results show that our proposed methodology is able to count vehicles with 96.6% accuracy at 26 frames per second on average\u2014dealing with both camera jitter and sudden illumination changes caused by the environment and the camera auto exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T08:47:13Z","timestamp":1561625233000},"page":"2848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Vehicle Counting in Video Sequences: An Incremental Subspace Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2007-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonel","family":"Rosas-Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Portillo-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4867-2717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Hernandez-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0337-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesus","family":"Olivares-Mercado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Sanchez-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9555-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Toscano-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-2050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Perez-Meana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME Culhuacan, Mexico City 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2846-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lucila","family":"Sandoval Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7573-6272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Analysis, Security and Systems (GASS), Department of Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (DISIA), Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Office 431, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Calle Profesor Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda Santesmases, 9, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banerjee, S., Dhar, M., and Sen, S. 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