{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:54:36Z","timestamp":1772722476020,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Fund Key Project of Applied Science and Technology Research and Development in Guangdong","award":["2016B010124007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016B010124007"]}]},{"name":"the Science and technology planning project in Guangzhou","award":["201803030005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803030005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term structural performance of underground structures in reclamation areas is very sensitive to the vibrations caused by vehicles passing above the structures and environmental factors (e.g., tide levels, rainfall and temperature). In the present study, an integrated remote real-time structural health monitoring system using fiber Bragg grating sensors was developed to assess the structural performance of underground structures. Using a composite road box-type structure project in a reclamation area in Southern China as a case study, the developed real-time system was implemented to investigate the effects of changes in tide levels, rainfall, temperature and vehicle induced vibrations on crack propagation in the structure. The results show that the change in tide levels has little influence on the change in crack width in the structure, whereas variations in temperature could significantly influence the crack width with an average Pearson correlation of around 0.8. In addition, the crack width generally decreases with an increase in rainfall. Furthermore, a relatively low frequency (&lt;25 Hz) induced by the traffic could result in a relatively larger crack width.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]],"date-time":"2019-06-27T08:47:13Z","timestamp":1561625233000},"page":"2849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Structural Health Monitoring of Underground Structures in Reclamation Area Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0083-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXiLu, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengzhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXiLu, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuiying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXiLu, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuncong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Major Infrastructure Safety, Guangzhou 510275, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Geotechnical Engineering and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 XinGangXiLu, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-992X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1807","article-title":"Structural monitoring for the cyclic behaviour of concrete tunnel lining sections using FBG sensors","volume":"23","author":"Bursi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. 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