{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:23:54Z","timestamp":1760523834102,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41604127,41704147, 61601319, 61705007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41604127,41704147, 61601319, 61705007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004480","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201801D221185, 201701D221114, 201801D121140, 201701D121009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201801D221185, 201701D221114, 201801D121140, 201701D121009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004480","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201806935029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201806935029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Key Research and Development Projects of Shanxi Province","award":["201703D321036, 201803D31037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201703D321036, 201803D31037"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi","award":["2017136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017136"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Key research and development Foundation of China","award":["201803D121057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803D121057"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An experimental wideband chaotic ground penetrating radar is proposed to locate underground pipes. A chaotic signal with a bandwidth of 1.56 GHz is utilized as the probe signal. The localization of the pipes is achieved by correlating the chaotic echo signal with its delayed duplicate and back-projection algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that plastic pipe, metallic pipe, and multiple pipes can be located with a range resolution of 10 cm. Limited by the height of the sand, the detectable range is estimated to be 0.7 m for both the plastic pipes and the metallic pipes when the transmitting power is \u221212 dBm. The proposed system has the potential to detect buried pipes, and it is suitable for geological and civil engineering applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19132913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T10:54:47Z","timestamp":1561978487000},"page":"2913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Locating Underground Pipe Using Wideband Chaotic Ground Penetrating Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingxia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, University Drive, N.W., Calgary, AB 2500, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6751-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Transducers &amp; Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"},{"name":"College of Physics &amp; Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2004.05.004","article-title":"On the selection of acoustic\/vibration sensors for leak detection in plastic water pipes","volume":"283","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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