{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:07:20Z","timestamp":1791317240576,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61873180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61873180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensor fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) has great significance for ensuring the energy saving and normal operation of the air conditioning system. Chiller systems serving as an important part of central air conditioning systems are the major energy consumer in commercial and industrial buildings. In order to ensure the normal operation of the chiller system, virtual sensors have been proposed to detect and diagnose sensor faults. However, the performance of virtual sensors could be easily impacted by abnormal data. To solve this problem, virtual sensors combined with the maximal information coefficient (MIC) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed for chiller sensor fault diagnosis. Firstly, MIC, which has the ability to quantify the degree of relevance in a data set, is applied to examine all potentially interesting relationships between sensors. Subsequently, sensors with high correlation are divided into several groups by the grouping thresholds. Two virtual sensors, which are constructed in each group by LSTM with different input sensors and corresponding to the same physical sensor, could have the ability to predict the value of physical sensors. High correlation sensors in each group improve the fitting effect of virtual sensors. Finally, sensor faults can be diagnosed by the absolute deviation which is generated by comparing the virtual sensors\u2019 output with the actual value measured from the air-cooled chiller. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by using a real data set. Experimental results indicate that virtual sensors can be well constructed and the proposed method achieves a significant performance along with a low false alarm rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19133013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1562583757000},"page":"3013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Novel Chiller Sensors Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Virtual Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4825-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Lixia District, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Review article: Methods for fault detection, diagnostics, and prognostics for building systems\u2014A review, Part II","volume":"11","author":"Brambley","year":"2005","journal-title":"HVAC R Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.04.099","article-title":"Building occupancy diversity and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system energy efficiency","volume":"109","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.06.027","article-title":"Chillers energy consumption, energy savings and emission analysis in an institutional buildings","volume":"36","author":"Saidur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10789669.2005.10391123","article-title":"Review article: Methods for fault detection, diagnostics, and prognostics for building systems\u2014A review, Part I","volume":"11","author":"Katipamula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hvac R Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"A fault diagnosis method for on load tap changer of aerospace power grid based on the current detection","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2010.12.001","article-title":"Applications of fault detection and diagnosis methods in nuclear power plants: A review","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. 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