{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:42:24Z","timestamp":1760240544390,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Silica nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit many characteristics that allow for additional oil to be recovered during sand-pack flooding experiments. Additionally various imaging techniques have been employed in the past to visually compare flooding procedures including x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging; however, these techniques require the sample to be destroyed or sliced after the flooding experiment finishes. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) overcomes these limitations by offering a non-destructive visualization method allowing for online images to be taken during the flooding process by the determination of spatial distribution of electrical resistivity, thus making it suitable for sand-packs. During the scope of this research a new sand-pack system and methodology was created which utilized ERT as a monitoring tool. Two concentrations, 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt%, of SiO2 nanoparticles were compared with runs using only brine to compare the recovery efficiency and explore the ability of ERT to monitor the flooding process. Electrical resistance tomography was found to be an effective tool in monitoring local recovery efficiency revealing 1.0 wt% SiO2 to be more effective than 0.5 wt% and brine only runs during the scope of this research. A new method involving the slope function in excel was used to compare the effects of nanofluids on resistivity trends also revealing information about the rate of recovery against time. SiO2 nanofluid recovery mechanisms such interfacial tension reduction and viscosity enhancement were then considered to explain why the nanofluids resulted in greater oil recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T11:56:51Z","timestamp":1562759811000},"page":"3036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Nanoparticle Assisted EOR during Sand-Pack Flooding: Electrical Tomography to Assess Flow Dynamics and Oil Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Phillip","family":"Nwufoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"given":"Dongsheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/3\/020","article-title":"Flow Pathways in Porous Media: Electrical Resistance Tomography and Dye Staining Image Verification","volume":"7","author":"Binley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.03.023","article-title":"Soil Water Infiltration Measurements Using Electrical Impedance Tomography","volume":"191","author":"Gnecchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kaipo, P. (2014). Measuring Water Flow in Soil Using Electrical Impedance Tomography. [Ph.D. Thesis, Savonia University of Applied Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Ahmed, R.M., and Growcock, F. (2010, January 19\u201322). Vital role of nanopolymers in drilling and stimulations fluid applications. Proceedings of the SPE 130413, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.2118\/130413-MS"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ogolo, N., Olafuyi, O., and Onyekonwu, M. (2016, January 8\u201311). Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Nanoparticles. Proceedings of the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition, AI-Khobar, Saudi Arabia."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, E., Roberts, M.R., Yu, H., Huh, C., and Bryant, S.L. (2009, January 4\u20137). Enhanced Migration of Surface-Treated Nanoparticles in Sedimentary Rocks. Proceedings of the SPE 124418 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/124418-MS"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-014-0399-x","article-title":"Polymeric Nanospheres as a Displacement Fluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery","volume":"5","author":"Hendraningrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Nanosci."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Elsayed, R., and Fattah, A. (2014). A Comparative Study between Nanoparticles Method and the Other Methods for Increasing Heavy Oil Recovery. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13497","DOI":"10.1021\/ie501866e","article-title":"New laboratory core flooding experimental system","volume":"53","author":"Baldygin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/14\/3036\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:04:12Z","timestamp":1760187852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/14\/3036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s19143036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19143036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]}}}