{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:42:16Z","timestamp":1760240536164,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41674144, 61861031, 41727804, 41464007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41674144, 61861031, 41727804, 41464007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Projects Funding of Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory at MUST","award":["119\/2017\/A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119\/2017\/A3"]}]},{"name":"Electrostatic Research Foundation of Liu Shanghe Academicians and Experts workstation from Beijing Orient Institute of Measurement and Test","award":["BOIMTLSHJD20181002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOIMTLSHJD20181002"]}]},{"name":"Educational Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["GJJ160075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ160075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Virtual-force algorithms (VFAs) have been widely studied for accurate node deployment in wireless-sensor-network (WSN) applications. Their main purpose is to achieve the maximum coverage area with the minimum number of sensor nodes in the target area. Recently, we reported a new VFA based on virtual spring force (VFA-SF) and discussed in detail the corresponding efficiency via statistical analysis. The optimized strategy by adding an external central force (VFA-SF-OPT) was presented, which effectively eliminates the coverage hole or twisted structure in the final network distribution. In this paper, the parameter effects on VFA-SF and the VFA-SF-OPT were further investigated: (1) Node velocity dramatically affects the convergence rate of the node-deployment process. (2) A suitable external central force improves equilibrium distance and reduces energy consumption. (3) The effects of VFA-SF and VFA-SF-OPT for different types of obstacles are discussed. Generally, by choosing suitable parameters, both VFA-SF and VFA-SF-OPT can effectively improve node deployment and energy consumption for the whole sensor network. The results give important insight in parameter selection and information fusion in the application of a large-scale WSN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1562932178000},"page":"3082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigation of Parameter Effects on Virtual-Spring-Force Algorithm for Wireless-Sensor-Network Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usun Microelectronics, Nanchang 330072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Improved mobicast routing protocol to minimize energy consumption for underwater sensor networks","volume":"3","author":"Patil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. 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