{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:13:40Z","timestamp":1774998820566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) have two important limitations: a very aggressive (marine) environment, and the use of acoustic signals. This means that the techniques for terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSN) are not applicable. This paper proposes a routing protocol called \u201cSelf-Organizing and Scalable Routing Protocol\u201d (SOSRP) which is decentralized and based on tables residing in each node. A combination of the hop value to the collector node and the distance is used as a criterion to create routes leading to the sink node. The expected functions of the protocol include self-organization of the routes, tolerance to failures and detection of isolated nodes. Through the implementation of SOSRP in Matlab and a model of propagation and energy being appropriate for marine environment, performance results are obtained in different scenarios (varying both nodes and transmission range) that include parameters such as end-to-end packet delay, consumption of energy or length of the created routes (with and without failure). The results obtained show a stable, reliable and suitable operation for the deployment and operation of nodes in UASN networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1563331443000},"page":"3130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Self-Organizing and Scalable Routing Protocol (SOSRP) for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sateesh Kumar","family":"Hindu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ingenier\u00eda de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh 76062, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1211-0819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waheeduddin","family":"Hyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ingenier\u00eda de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel-Angel","family":"Luque-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ingenier\u00eda de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5024-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Poncela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ingenier\u00eda de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3042-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ingenier\u00eda de Comunicaciones, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.06.009","article-title":"A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Ayaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Wang, Y., and Zhou, J. (2012, January 7\u20139). An energy-efficient clustering algorithm for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Control Engineering and Communication Technology (ICCECT), Liaoning, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCECT.2012.144"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7792","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2805804","article-title":"An Energy-Aware and Void-Avoidable Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8237351","article-title":"A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"2","author":"Ghoreyshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hn-PERP: Hop by Hop-Power-Efficient Routing Protocol over Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"11","author":"Krishan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hameed, A.R., Javaid, N., Islam, S.U., Ahmed, G., Qasim, U., and Khan, Z.A. (2016, January 7\u20139). BEEC: Balanced energy efficient circular routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS), Ostrawva, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/INCoS.2016.93"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5654-0","article-title":"A Vector-Based Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"100","author":"Mazinani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"61","article-title":"A Priority-based Routing Algorithm for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)","volume":"7","author":"Rezaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Commun. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S.B.H., Zhe, C., Ahmed, S.H., Fuliang, Y., Faheem, M., and Begum, S. (2018, January 26\u201327). Depth based routing protocol using smart clustered sensor nodes in underwater WSN. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Future Networks and Distributed Systems (ICFNDS \u201918), Amman, Jordan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3231053.3231119"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"408","article-title":"Comparison of Localization Free Routing Protocols in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Khalid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2014.013014.00032","article-title":"A Survey on Mac Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2743-1","article-title":"Analysis of MAC Strategies for Underwater Applications","volume":"85","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2768802","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey based on a Mac Reference Model","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hyder, W., Poncela, J., Luque, M.-A., and Otero, P. (2018). Self-Organized Fast Routing Protocol for Radial Underwater Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124178"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"8671516","article-title":"Optimal Fair Scheduling in S-TDMA Sensor Networks for Monitoring River Plumes","volume":"2016","author":"Poncela","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luque-Nieto, M.-\u00c1., Moreno-Rold\u00e1n, J.-M., Otero, P., and Poncela, J. (2018). Optimal Scheduling and Fair Service Policy for STDMA in Underwater Networks with Acoustic Communications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020612"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Urick, R.J. (1983). Principles of Underwater Sound, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Pan, X., Chen, P., Su, X., Wang, N., and Lu, W. (2018). A Topology Control with Energy Balance in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT-Based Application. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072306"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5121\/ijdps.2012.3309","article-title":"Network Lifetime Extension Based on Network Coding Technique in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"3","author":"Padmavathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Parallel Sys."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"93","article-title":"Energy Efficiency and Reliability in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Cuckoo Optimizer Algorithm","volume":"50","year":"2018","journal-title":"AUT J. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6626","DOI":"10.3390\/s90906626","article-title":"Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"44","article-title":"Sensor Hop-based Energy Efficient Networking Approach for Routing in Underwater Acoustic Communication","volume":"2017","author":"Kohli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Telecommun. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11782","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911782","article-title":"Underwater sensor nodes and networks","volume":"13","author":"Lloret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2434890","article-title":"Underwater Acoustic Modems","volume":"16","author":"Sendra","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/14\/3130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:06:04Z","timestamp":1760187964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/14\/3130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s19143130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19143130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]}}}