{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:15:22Z","timestamp":1777983322851,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CICY DPI2017-84259-C2-2-R;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CICY DPI2017-84259-C2-2-R;"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2014-55932-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2014-55932-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CICYT RTI2018-094665-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CICYT RTI2018-094665-B-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Control of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is challenging not only because of their high nonlinearity but also because of important external perturbations. One the most relevant of these perturbations is weather. In fact, different weather conditions imply different inflow rates and substance (e.g., N-ammonia, which is among the most important) concentrations. Therefore, weather has traditionally been an important signal that operators take into account to tune WWTP control systems. This signal cannot be directly measured with traditional physical sensors. Nevertheless, machine learning-based soft-sensors can be used to predict non-observable measures by means of available data. In this paper, we present novel research about a new soft-sensor that predicts the current weather signal. This weather prediction differs from traditional weather forecasting since this soft-sensor predicts the weather conditions as an operator does when controling the WWTP. This prediction uses a model based on past WWTP influent states measured by only a few physical and widely applied sensors. The results are encouraging, as we obtained a good accuracy level for a relevant and very useful signal when applied to advanced WWTP control systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T02:44:03Z","timestamp":1563331443000},"page":"3139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Machine Learning Weather Soft-Sensor for Advanced Control of Wastewater Treatment Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-del-Olmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, National Distance Education University (UNED), Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gaudioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, National Distance Education University (UNED), Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9837-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natividad","family":"Duro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Automatic Control, National Distance Education University (UNED), Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Dormido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Automatic Control, National Distance Education University (UNED), Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nations, U. 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