{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:12:19Z","timestamp":1768705939886,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877172; 91747204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877172; 91747204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level-2 spherical harmonic (SH) solutions are noisy and thus require filtering. Filtering reduces noise but affects signal quality via signal leakage. Generally, a leakage correction is required for GRACE applications to remove leakage signal and recover the true signal. Forward modelling based on some a priori information is a widely used approach for leakage correction of GRACE data. The a priori information generally relies on global hydrological model simulations. There are many global hydrological models and therefore it is of interest to explore how different global hydrology model simulations influence leakage correction results. This study investigated the sensitivity of three leakage correction methods (additive method, scaling factor method and multiplicative method) to five global hydrology model simulations (four models from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) and the WaterGAP Global Hydrology Model (WGHM)). The sensitivity analysis was performed with observational data in Southwest China and one sub-region, Guangxi. Results show that although large differences were identified among the five global model simulations, the additive and scaling factor methods are less affected by the choice of a priori model in comparison to the multiplicative approach. For the additive and scaling factor methods, WGHM outperforms the other four GLDAS models in leakage correction of GRACE data. GRACE data corrected with the multiplicative method shows the highest amount of error, indicating this method is not applicable for leakage correction in the study area. This study also assessed the level-3 mascon (mass concentration) solutions of GRACE data. The mascon-based results are nearly as good as the leakage corrected results based on SH solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]],"date-time":"2019-07-17T11:25:12Z","timestamp":1563362712000},"page":"3149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sensitivity Analysis of Leakage Correction of GRACE Data in Southwest China Using A-Priori Model Simulations: Inter-Comparison of Spherical Harmonics, Mass Concentration and In Situ Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou 311305, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiu Jimmy","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou 311305, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute (SRI), Shenzhen 518057, China"},{"name":"The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou 311305, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Laboratory of Water Resources Security, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory Base of Urban Environmental Processes and Digital Modelling, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, V.M., Wahr, J., and Swenson, S. 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