{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:20:39Z","timestamp":1780363239679,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has become a powerful data acquisition technique for high-resolution high-accuracy topographic and morphological studies. Conventional static TLS surveys require setting up numerous reflectors (tie points) in the field for point clouds registration and georeferencing. To reduce surveying time and simplify field operational tasks, we have developed a rapid TLS surveying method that requires only one reflector in the field. The method allows direct georeferencing of point clouds from individual scans to an East\u2013North\u2013Height (ENH) coordinate system tied to a stable geodetic reference frame. TLS datasets collected at a segment of the beach\u2013dune\u2013wetland area in Freeport, Texas, USA are used to evaluate the performance of the rapid surveying method by comparing with kinematic GPS measurements. The rapid surveying method uses two GPS units mounted on the scanner and a reflector for calculating the northing angle of the scanner\u2019s own coordinate system (SOCS). The Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) is recommended for GPS data processing. According to this study, OPUS Rapid-Static (OPUS-RS) solutions retain 1\u20132 cm root mean square (RMS) accuracy in the horizontal directions and 2\u20133 cm accuracy in the vertical direction for static observational sessions of approximately 30 min in the coastal region of Texas, USA. The rapid TLS surveys can achieve an elevation accuracy (RMS) of approximately 3\u20135 cm for georeferenced points and 2\u20133 cm for digital elevation models (DEMs). The elevation errors superimposed into the TLS surveying points roughly fit a normal distribution. The proposed TLS surveying method is particularly useful for morphological mapping over time in coastal regions, where strong wind and soft sand prohibit reflectors from remaining strictly stable for a long period. The theories and results presented in this paper are beneficial to researchers who frequently utilize TLS datasets in their research, but do not have opportunities to be involved in field data acquisition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T10:48:19Z","timestamp":1563965299000},"page":"3252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Rapid Terrestrial Laser Scanning Method for Coastal Erosion Studies: A Case Study at Freeport, Texas, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urban Smart Transportation and Safety Maintenance, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruibin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geology and Geomatics, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.3390\/rs122785","article-title":"Application of a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to the study of the S\u00e9chilienne Landslide (Is\u00e8re, France)","volume":"2","author":"Kasperski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2478\/v10156-010-0004-5","article-title":"The integration of TLS and continuous GPS to study landslide deformation: A case study in Puerto Rico","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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