{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T02:46:53Z","timestamp":1778726813106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["51675076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51675076"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["51505062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51505062"]}]},{"name":"Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of NSFC","award":["51621064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51621064"]}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["DUT17GF109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT17GF109"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of China","award":["61405180102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61405180102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A bio-inspired polarization sensor with lenses for navigation was evaluated in this study. Two new calibration methods are introduced, referred to as \u201ccentral-symmetry calibration\u201d (with an integrating sphere) and \u201cnoncontinuous calibration\u201d. A comparison between the indoor calibration results obtained from different calibration methods shows that the two proposed calibration methods are more effective. The central-symmetry calibration method optimized the nonconstant calibration voltage deviations, caused by the off-axis feature of the integrating sphere, to be constant values which can be calibrated easily. The section algorithm proposed previously showed no experimental advantages until the central-symmetry calibration method was proposed. The outdoor experimental results indicated that the indoor calibration parameters did not perform very well in practice outdoor conditions. To establish the reason, four types of calibration parameters were analyzed using the replacement method. It can be concluded that three types can be easily calibrated or affect the sensor accuracy slightly. However, before the sensor is used outdoors every time, the last type must be replaced with the corresponding outdoor parameter, and the calculation needs a precise rotary table. This parameter, which is mainly affected by the spectrum of incident light, is the main factor determining the sensor accuracy. After calibration, the sensor reaches an indoor accuracy of \u00b10.009\u00b0 and a static outdoor accuracy of \u00b10.05\u00b0 under clear sky conditions. The dynamic outdoor experiment shows a \u00b10.5\u00b0 heading deviation between the polarization sensor and the inertial navigation system with a \u00b10.06\u00b0 angular accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T10:56:38Z","timestamp":1565175398000},"page":"3448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Bio-Inspired Polarization Sensor with High Outdoor Accuracy and Central-Symmetry Calibration Method with Integrating Sphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1570-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinkui","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muyin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Micro\/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095844","article-title":"Migrating songbirds recalibrate their magnetic compass daily from twilight cues","volume":"304","author":"Cochran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129709","article-title":"Polarized light cues underlie compass calibration in migratory songbirds","volume":"313","author":"Muheim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12140","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12140","article-title":"Dynamic polarization vision in mantis shrimps","volume":"7","author":"Daly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.019","article-title":"How Ants Use Vision When Homing Backward","volume":"27","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(99)00064-0","article-title":"A mobile robot employing insect strategies for navigation","volume":"30","author":"Lambrinos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"541","article-title":"Study of Angle Measure Optoelectronic Model on Emulating Polarization-Sensitive Compound Eye of Insect","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nanoelectron. Device Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.07.016","article-title":"Construction and performance test of a novel polarization sensor for navigation","volume":"148","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19991215)47:6<368::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Detectors for polarized skylight in insects: A survey of ommatidial specializations in the dorsal rim area of the compound eye","volume":"47","author":"Labhart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Techniq."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17068","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917068","article-title":"A Novel Angle Computation and Calibration Algorithm of Bio-Inspired Sky-Light Polarization Navigation Sensor","volume":"14","author":"Xian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.05.015","article-title":"Calibration of a polarization navigation sensor using the NSGA-II algorithm","volume":"376","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., and Xu, W. (2016). A Bionic Polarization Navigation Sensor and Its Calibration Method. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081223"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11472","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2794524","article-title":"A Bionic Polarization Navigation Sensor Based on Polarizing Beam Splitter","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupeyroux, J., Diperi, J., Boyron, M., Viollet, S., and Serres, J. (2017, January 24\u201328). A novel insect-inspired optical compass sensor for a hexapod walking robot. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8206183"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180878","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0878","article-title":"Polarized skylight-based heading measurements: A bio-inspired approach","volume":"16","author":"Dupeyroux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau0307","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aau0307","article-title":"AntBot: A six-legged walking robot able to home like desert ants in outdoor environments","volume":"4","author":"Dupeyroux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Robot."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58507","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2914565","article-title":"Multiple Disturbance Analysis and Calibration of an Inspired Polarization Sensor","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.09.005","article-title":"Insect-inspired vision for autonomous vehicles","volume":"30","author":"Serres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.21.001669","article-title":"How well does the Rayleigh model describe the E-vector distribution of skylight in clear and cloudy conditions? A full-sky polarimetric study","volume":"21","author":"Suhai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9725","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09725","article-title":"A novel autonomous real-time position method based on polarized light and geomagnetic field","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.000594","article-title":"Orthogonal vector algorithm to obtain the solar vector using the single-scattering Rayleigh model","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhi, W., Chu, J., Li, J., and Wang, Y. (2018). A Novel Attitude Determination System Aided by Polarization Sensor. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010158"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2205","article-title":"Accuracy of the hypothetical sky-polarimetric Viking navigation versus sky conditions: Revealing solar elevations and cloudinesses favourable for this navigation method","volume":"473","author":"Szaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160688","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160688","article-title":"Celestial polarization patterns sufficient for Viking navigation with the naked eye: Detectability of Haidinger\u2019s brushes on the sky versus meteorological conditions","volume":"4","author":"Horvath","year":"2017","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172187","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.172187","article-title":"Success of sky-polarimetric Viking navigation: Revealing the chance Viking sailors could reach Greenland from Norway","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7248","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.007248","article-title":"Angle algorithm based on Hough transform for imaging polarization navigation sensor","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2533628","article-title":"Design and Calibration of a Novel Camera-Based Bio-Inspired Polarization Navigation Sensor","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.003199","article-title":"Real-time polarization imaging algorithm for camera-based polarization navigation sensors","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.000587","article-title":"Angle of sky light polarization derived from digital images of the sky under various conditions","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2786404","article-title":"Integrated Polarized Skylight Sensor and MIMU With a Metric Map for Urban Ground Navigation","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"107","article-title":"Design and realization of bionic polarized light navigation sensor based on MSP430","volume":"31","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.00H190","article-title":"Digital all-sky polarization imaging of partly cloudy skies","volume":"47","author":"Pust","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/09500340.2011.575960","article-title":"Symmetry between partially polarised light and partial polarisers in the vectorial Pauli algebraic formalism","volume":"58","author":"Tudor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mod. Optic."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3448\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:09:14Z","timestamp":1760188154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s19163448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163448","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]}}}