{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:51:03Z","timestamp":1761897063437,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ011815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ011815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and reliable inspection of food is essential to ensure food safety, particularly in mass production and processing environments. Many studies have focused on spectral imaging for poultry inspection; however, no research has explored the use of multispectral fluorescence imaging (MFI) for on-line poultry inspection. In this study, the feasibility of MFI for on-line detection of fecal matter from the ceca, colon, duodenum, and small intestine of poultry carcasses was investigated for the first time. A multispectral line-scan fluorescence imaging system was integrated with a commercial poultry conveying system, and the images of chicken carcasses with fecal contaminants were scanned at processing line speeds of one, three, and five birds per second. To develop an optimal detection and classification algorithm to distinguish upper and lower feces-contaminated parts from skin, the principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were first performed using the spectral data of the selected regions, and then applied in spatial domain to visualize the feces-contaminated area based on binary images. Our results demonstrated that for the spectral data analysis, both the PCA and PLS-DA can distinguish the high and low feces-contaminated area from normal skin; however, the PCA analysis based on selected band ratio images (F630 nm\/F600 nm) exhibited better visualization and discrimination of feces-contaminated area, compared with the PLS-DA-based developed chemical images. A color image analysis using histogram equalization, sharpening, median filter, and threshold value (1) demonstrated 78% accuracy. Thus, the MFI system can be developed utilizing the two band ratios for on-line implementation for the effective detection of fecal contamination on chicken carcasses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"3483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging Technique for On-Line Inspection of Fecal Residues on Poultry Carcasses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Youngwook","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 310 Nonsaengmyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8074-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoonsoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture, Life &amp; Environment Science, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea"}]},{"given":"Changyeun","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}]},{"given":"Moon S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insuck","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Powder Mill Rd. Bldg. 303, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA"}]},{"given":"Jayoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8397-9853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byoung-Kwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.07.011","article-title":"Machine vision system for food grain quality evaluation: A review","volume":"56","author":"Vithu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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