{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T18:20:39Z","timestamp":1774981239620,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10077367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10077367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025526"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most important thing in a thin and soft haptic module with an electroactive polymer actuator array is to increase its vibrotactile amplitude and to create a variety of vibrotactile sensations. In this paper, we introduce a thin film-type electroactive polymer actuator array capable of stimulating two types of human mechanoreceptors simultaneously, and we present a haptic rendering method that maximizes the actuators\u2019 vibrational force without improving the array\u2019s haptic performance. The increase in vibrational amplitude of the soft electroactive polymer actuator array is achieved by creating a beat vibration, which is an interference pattern of two vibrations with slightly different frequencies. The textures of a target object are translated into haptic stimuli using the proposed method. We conducted qualitative and quantitative experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed rendering method. The results showed that this method not only amplifies the vibration\u2019s amplitude but also haptically simulates various objects\u2019 surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T11:11:31Z","timestamp":1565349091000},"page":"3490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Transparent Film-Type Vibrotactile Actuator Array and Its Haptic Rendering Using Beat Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Soo","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Creative Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2755-7082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Youn","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Technology Research Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Creative Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201200055","article-title":"Rod-coating: Towards large-area fabrication of uniform reduced graphene oxide films for flexible touch screens","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. 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