{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:51:34Z","timestamp":1767970294513,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12482858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12482858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) offer obvious potential for use in high-density, high-strain sensing applications, the adoption of this technology in the historically conservative aerospace industry has been slow. There are several contributing factors, one of which is variability in the reported performance of these sensors in harsh and fatigue prone environments. This paper reports on a comparative evaluation of the fatigue performance of FBG sensors written according to the same specifications using three different grating manufacturing processes: sensors written in stripped and re-coated fibres, sensors written during the fibre draw process and sensors written through fibre coating. Fatigue cycling of the fibres is provided by a customized electro-dynamically actuated loading assembly designed to provide high frequency and amplitude loading. Pre- and post-fatigue microscopic analysis and high-resolution transmission and reflection spectra scanning are conducted to investigate the fatigue performance of FBGs, the failure regions of fibres as well as any fatigue-related effects on the spectral profiles. It was found that because of the unique fabrication method, the sensors written through the fibre coating, also known as trans-jacket FBGs, show better fatigue performance than stripped and re-coated FBGs with greater control possible to tailor the optical reflection properties compared to gratings written in the draw tower. This emerging method for inscription of Type I gratings opens up the potential for mass production of higher reflectivity, apodised sensors with dense or complex array architectures which can be adopted as sensors for harsh environments such as in defence and aerospace industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]],"date-time":"2019-08-12T06:38:02Z","timestamp":1565591882000},"page":"3524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Fatigue Performance of Type I Fibre Bragg Grating Strain Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Naizhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8589-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing K.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3072-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommy","family":"Boilard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bernier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.07.197","article-title":"Optical FBG Sensors for Static Structural Health Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Antunes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.14.000823","article-title":"Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method","volume":"14","author":"Meltz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashyap, R. (1999). Fiber Bragg Gratings (Optics and Photonics), Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012400560-0\/50008-7"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.04.008","article-title":"Fibre Bragg gratings in structural health monitoring\u2014Present status and applications","volume":"147","author":"Majumder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.25901","article-title":"A simple FBG sensor for strain-temperature discrimination","volume":"53","author":"Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2007.03.043","article-title":"Temperature and strain discrimination using a single tilted fibre Bragg grating","volume":"275","author":"Chehura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campanella, C., Cuccovillo, A., Campanella, C., Yurt, A., and Passaro, V. (2018). Fibre Bragg Grating Based Strain Sensors: Review of Technology and Applications. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093115"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18666","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818666","article-title":"Fibre Optic Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Aircraft Composite Structures: Recent Advances and Applications","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothhardt, M., Chojetzki, C., and Mueller, H.R. (2004, January 16). High mechanical strength single-pulse draw tower gratings. Proceedings of the Photonics North 2004: Photonic Applications in Telecommunications, Sensors, Software, and Lasers, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.567801"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618320","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/045","article-title":"The mechanical strength of fiber Bragg gratings under controlled UV laser conditions","volume":"16","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.11.002","article-title":"Tensile fatigue properties of fibre Bragg grating optical fibre sensors","volume":"32","author":"Ang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1927517","article-title":"High-reflectivity draw-tower fiber Bragg gratings arrays and single gratings of type II","volume":"44","author":"Chojetzki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X06066030","article-title":"Mechanical Strength Characteristics of Fiber Bragg Gratings Considering Fabrication Process and Reflectivity","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.39.003646","article-title":"High mechanical strength fiber Bragg gratings made with infrared femtosecond pulses and a phase mask","volume":"39","author":"Bernier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habel, J., Boilard, T., Freni\u00e8re, J., Tr\u00e9panier, F., and Bernier, M. (2017). Femtosecond FBG written through the Coating for Sensing Applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112519"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-012-0066-3","article-title":"High-strain fiber Bragg gratings for structural fatigue testing of military aircraft","volume":"2","author":"Davis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drabble, G. (1990). Dynamics (Foundations of Engineering), Macmillan Education.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-10448-2"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Technica (2017). T10 FBG Sensor: Data Sheet, Technica."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"143","article-title":"Tensile and Fatigue Properties of Fiber-Bragg-Grating (FBG) Sensors","volume":"154","author":"Frieling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3103\/S8756699014010105","article-title":"Suppression of side lobes in the fiber Bragg grating reflection spectrum","volume":"50","author":"Abdullina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Optoelectron. Instrum. Data Process."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"HBM (2019, April 20). Noise and Vibration Measurement Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.hbm.com\/en\/8153\/new-technote-fatigue-life-of-electrical-strain-gauges."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bernier, M., Vall\u00e9e, R., Tr\u00e9panier, F., and Carrier, J. (2018). Writing of High Mechanical Strength Fiber Bragg Gratings through the Polymer Coating of an Optical Fiber. (US10132994B2), U.S. Patent Application."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Khan, S., and Islam, M. (2011, January 22\u201324). Performance evaluation of different apodization profiles of linearly chirped FBG for dispersion compensation. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT 2011), Dhaka, Bangladesh."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523046","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6523046","article-title":"Apodization Optimization of FBG Strain Sensor for Quasi-Distributed Sensing Measurement Applications","volume":"2016","author":"Chaoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Act. Passiv. Electron. Compon."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3524\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:10:30Z","timestamp":1760188230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s19163524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163524","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,12]]}}}