{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:10:19Z","timestamp":1766067019151,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51720105016","91748207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51720105016","91748207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2015CB057402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015CB057402"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010031","name":"Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M613114","2018T111045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M613114","2018T111045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009996","name":"Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017BSHEDZZ69"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BSHEDZZ69"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["xjj2016011","xjj2018180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xjj2016011","xjj2018180"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems","award":["GZKF-201617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZKF-201617"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibrationthe","award":["Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibrationthe"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibrationthe"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012176","name":"Project 211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B12016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A combined sensor to simultaneously measure strain, vibration, and temperature has been developed. The sensor is composed of two Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) and a vibration gainer. One FBG is used to measure strain, while the other measures vibration and temperature. The gainer has a mass block which is used to increase its sensitivity to vibration. The main beam of the vibration gainer was designed as a trapezoid in order to reduce the strain gradient while sensing vibration. In addition, an interrogation method was used to eliminate interactions between measured parameters. Experiments were carried out to analyze the performance of the proposed sensor. For individual strain measurement in the range of 0\u2013152 \u03bc\u03b5, the sensitivity and nonlinearity error were 1.878 pm\/\u03bc\u03b5 and 2.43% Full Scale (F.S.), respectively. For individual temperature measurement in the range of 50\u2013210 \u00b0C, the sensitivity and nonlinearity error were 29.324 pm\/\u00b0C and 1.88% F.S., respectively. The proposed sensor also demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.769 pm\/m\u00b7s\u22122 and nonlinearity error of 1.83% F.S. for vibration measurement in the range of 10\u201355 m\/s2. Finally, simultaneously measuring strain, temperature, and vibration resulted in nonlinearity errors of 4.23% F.S., 1.89% F.S., and 2.23% F.S., respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T06:10:14Z","timestamp":1566195014000},"page":"3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Design and Analysis of a Combined Strain\u2013Vibration\u2013Temperature Sensor with Two Fiber Bragg Gratings and a Trapezoidal Beam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Qijing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Manufacturing Equipment, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou 215123, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuangde","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Gang-Ding","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}]},{"given":"Bian","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Wenyun","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest A&amp;F University, Xianyang 712100, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2007.01.040","article-title":"Health monitoring of composite structures by embedded FBG and interferometric Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot sensors","volume":"86","author":"Oliveira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. 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