{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T17:25:38Z","timestamp":1772645138420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]],"date-time":"2019-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar system based on a sparse-array is proposed. In order to reduce the side-lobe level, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the array arrangement. To reduce the complexity of the system, time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology is adopted. Since the signals are received in different periods, a frequency migration will emerge if the target is in motion, which will lead to the lower direction-of-arrival (DOA) performance of the system. To solve this problem, a stretching transformation method in the fast-frequency slow-time domain is proposed, in order to eliminate frequency migration. Only minor adjustments need to be implemented for the signal processing, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the DOA estimation will be reduced by about 90%, compared with the one of an uncalibrated system. For example, a uniform linear array (ULA) MIMO system with 2 transmitters and 20 receivers can be replaced by the proposed system with 2 transmitters and 12 receivers, achieving the same DOA performance. The calibration formulations are given, and the simulation results of the automotive radar system are also provided, which validate the theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T06:10:14Z","timestamp":1566195014000},"page":"3580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An MIMO Radar System Based on the Sparse-Array and Its Frequency Migration Calibration Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerial Key Laboratory of JGMT, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiao Ling Wei200#, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2010.2096218","article-title":"Sparse learning via iterative minimization with application to MIMO radar imaging","volume":"59","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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