{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:22:11Z","timestamp":1773296531180,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51275032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51275032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheel flats are a key fault in railway systems, which can bring great harm to vehicle operation safety. At present, most wheel flat detection methods use qualitative detection and do not meet practical demands. In this paper, we used a railway wheel flat measurement method based on a parallelogram mechanism to detect wheel flats dynamically and quantitatively. Based on our experiments, we found that system performance was influenced by the train speed. When the train speed was higher than a certain threshold, the wheel impact force would cause vibration of the measuring mechanism and affect the detection accuracy. Since the measuring system was installed at the on-site entrance of the train garage, to meet the speed requirement, a three-dimensional simulation model was established, which was based on the rigid-flexible coupled multibody dynamics theory. The speed threshold of the measuring mechanism increased by the reasonable selection of the damping coefficients of the hydraulic damper, the measuring positions, and the downward displacements of the measuring ruler. Finally, we applied the selected model parameters to the parallelogram mechanism, where field measurements showed that the experimental results were consistent with the simulation results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T11:19:06Z","timestamp":1566386346000},"page":"3614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Railway Wheel Flat Detection System Based on a Parallelogram Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Run","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qibo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MoE Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 Shangyuancun, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.F., Liu, J.X., and Wang, Y. (2016). Railway Wheel Flat Detection Based on Improved Empirical Mode Decomposition. Shock Vib., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4879283"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effect of Wheel Flats on the High-speed Wheel-Rail Contact Behavior","volume":"37","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. China Railw. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.260.289","article-title":"Employment of Two New Methods for the Research of Interaction of Wheel with a Flat and Rail","volume":"260","author":"Bogdevicius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/0954409714545558","article-title":"Impact analysis due to multiple wheel flats in three-dimensional railway vehicle-track system model and development of a smart wheelset","volume":"230","author":"Uzzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F J. Rail Rapid Transit"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44832-8_15","article-title":"Characterizing Wheel Flat Impact Noise with an Efficient Time Domain Model","volume":"126","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Notes Numer. Fluid Mech. Multidiscip. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/00423114.2016.1153114","article-title":"An analytical mathematical method for calculation of the dynamic wheel\u2013rail impact force caused by wheel flat","volume":"54","author":"Bogdevicius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veh. Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaewunruen, S., and Remennikov, A.M. (2015, January 25\u201327). Impact responses of prestressing tendons in railway concrete sleepers in high speed rail environments. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Crete Island, Greece.","DOI":"10.7712\/120115.3379.635"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/23248378.2015.1123657","article-title":"Numerical and experimental study on dynamic behaviour of concrete sleeper track caused by wheel flat","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Rail Transp."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salzburger, H.J. (2008). In-Motion Ultrasonic Testing of the Tread of High-Speed Railway Wheels using the Inspection System AUROPA III. Abstracts of World Conference on Non-destructive Testing, The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing.","DOI":"10.1784\/insi.2009.51.7.370"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2011.04.004","article-title":"Railway wheel-flat detection and measurement by ultrasound","volume":"19","author":"Brizuela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phpro.2010.01.104","article-title":"Railway wheels flat detector using Doppler effect","volume":"3","author":"Brizuela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11668-007-9043-3","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring of Railroad Wheels Using Wheel Impact Load Detectors","volume":"7","author":"Stratman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fail. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2005.12.012","article-title":"Wheel-flat diagnostic tool via wavelet transform","volume":"20","author":"Belotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.03.072","article-title":"Wheel Flat Detection Algorithm for Onboard Diagnostic","volume":"123","author":"Bosso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2016.07.009","article-title":"Fault detection method for railway wheel flat using an adaptive multiscale morphological filter","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21597","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.021597","article-title":"Novel accelerometer realized by a polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber for railway monitoring applications","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2016.01.040","article-title":"Analysis of Freight Wagon Wheel Failure Detection in Lithuanian Railways","volume":"134","author":"Lunys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4808","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2274008","article-title":"Wheel Flat Detection in High-Speed Railway Systems Using Fiber Bragg Gratings","volume":"13","author":"Filograno","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gao, X., and Guo, J. (2015, January 6). The detection of wheelflats based on fiber optic Bragg grating array. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurement & Instrumentation, Changsha, China."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Iele, A., Lopez, V., Laudati, A., Mazzino, N., and Cutolo, A. (2016, January 5\u20138). Fiber Optic Sensing System for Weighing in Motion (WIM) and Wheel Flat Detection (WFD) in railways assets: The TWBCS system. Proceedings of the 8th European Workshop On Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM 2016), Bilbao, Spain."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Bracciali, A., Lionetti, G., and Pieralli, M. (1997, January 1). Effective Wheel Flats Detection through a Simple Device. Proceedings of the Techrail Workshop, Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Feng, Q., Cui, J., Zhao, Y., Pi, Y., and Teng, Y. (2000, January 15\u201321). A dynamic and quantitative method for measuring wheel flats and abrasion of trains. Proceedings of the 5th WCNDT World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2018.06.019","article-title":"Multibody model of railway vehicles with weakly coupled vertical and lateral dynamics","volume":"115","author":"Aceituno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012976302105","article-title":"A Survey of Rail Vehicle Track Simulations and Flexible Multibody Dynamics","volume":"26","author":"Shabana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0207(19970228)40:4<655::AID-NME84>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Crashworthiness Analysis and Design Using Rigid-Flexible Multibody Dynamics with Application to Train Vehicles","volume":"40","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3614\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:12:23Z","timestamp":1760188343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/16\/3614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s19163614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19163614","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]}}}