{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T09:30:08Z","timestamp":1760866208826,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]],"date-time":"2019-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cThe Fundamental Theory and Applications of Big Data with Knowledge Engineering&quot; under the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFB1000903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB1000903"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Foundation of China","award":["61772414, 61721002, 61532015, 61532004, and 61702400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772414, 61721002, 61532015, 61532004, and 61702400"]}]},{"name":"the MOE Innovation Research Team","award":["IRT17R86"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRT17R86"]}]},{"name":"the Project of the China Knowledge Centre for Engineering Science and Technology","award":["CKCEST-2019-3-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKCEST-2019-3-5"]}]},{"name":"the consulting research project of Chinese academy of engineering \u201cThe Online and Offline Mixed Educational Service System for \u2018The Belt and Road\u2019 Training in MOOC China&quot;","award":["2018-XY-49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-XY-49"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile video applications are becoming increasingly prevalent and enriching the way people learn and are entertained. However, on mobile terminals with inherently limited resources, mobile video streaming services consume too much energy and bandwidth, which is an urgent problem to solve. At present, research on cost-effective mobile video streaming typically focuses on the management of data transmission. Among such studies, some new approaches consider the user\u2019s behavior to further optimize data transmission. However, these studies have not adequately discussed the specific impact of the physical environment on user behavior. Therefore, this paper takes into account the environment-aware watching state and proposes a cost-effective mobile video streaming scheme to reduce power consumption and mobile data usage. First, the watching state is predicted by machine learning based on user behavior and the physical environment during a given time window. Second, based on the resulting prediction, a downloading algorithm is introduced based on the user equipment (UE) running mode in the LTE system and the VLC player. Finally, according to the corresponding experimental results obtained in a real-world environment, the proposed approach, compared to its benchmarks, effectively reduces the data usage (14.4% lower than that of energy-aware, on average) and power consumption (about 19% when there are screen touches) of mobile devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T10:15:07Z","timestamp":1566555307000},"page":"3654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toward Cost-Effective Mobile Video Streaming through Environment-Aware Watching State Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOEKLINNS Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sackl, A., Zwickl, P., and Reichl, P. 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