{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T15:12:33Z","timestamp":1767453153849,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Hradec Kralove : SPEV","award":["2102 - 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2102 - 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biometric verification methods have gained significant popularity in recent times, which has brought about their extensive usage. In light of theoretical evidence surrounding the development of biometric verification, we proposed an experimental multi-biometric system for laboratory testing. First, the proposed system was designed such that it was able to identify and verify a user through the hand contour, and blood flow (blood stream) at the upper part of the hand. Next, we detailed the hard and software solutions for the system. A total of 40 subjects agreed to be a part of data generation team, which produced 280 hand images. The core of this paper lies in evaluating individual metrics, which are functions of frequency comparison of the double type faults with the EER (Equal Error Rate) values. The lowest value was measured for the case of the modified Hausdorff distance metric - Maximally Helicity Violating (MHV). Furthermore, for the verified biometric characteristics (Hamming distance and MHV), appropriate and suitable metrics have been proposed and experimented to optimize system precision. Thus, the EER value for the designed multi-biometric system in the context of this work was found to be 5%, which proves that metrics consolidation increases the precision of the multi-biometric system. Algorithms used for the proposed multi-biometric device shows that the individual metrics exhibit significant accuracy but perform better on consolidation, with a few shortcomings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1566904410000},"page":"3709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multi-Biometric System Based on Cutting-Edge Equipment for Experimental Contactless Verification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Kolda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5992-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondrej","family":"Krejcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Selamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Media and Games Center of Excellence (MagicX), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9664-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Kuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Fadeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Geology, Faculty of Space and Environmental Science, University of Trier, 54296 Trier, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2374338","article-title":"A Novel Biometric Approach for Human Identification and Verification Using Eye Blinking Signal","volume":"22","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. 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