{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:19:59Z","timestamp":1775081999184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R.G.P. 1\/166\/40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R.G.P. 1\/166\/40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG035-2016A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG035-2016A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP114-487 2018A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP114-487 2018A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many receiver-based Preamble Sampling Medium Access Control (PS-MAC) protocols have been proposed to provide better performance for variable traffic in a wireless sensor network (WSN). However, most of these protocols cannot prevent the occurrence of incorrect traffic convergence that causes the receiver node to wake-up more frequently than the transmitter node. In this research, a new protocol is proposed to prevent the problem mentioned above. The proposed mechanism has four components, and they are Initial control frame message, traffic estimation function, control frame message, and adaptive function. The initial control frame message is used to initiate the message transmission by the receiver node. The traffic estimation function is proposed to reduce the wake-up frequency of the receiver node by using the proposed traffic status register (TSR), idle listening times (ILTn, ILTk), and \u201cnumber of wake-up without receiving beacon message\u201d (NWwbm). The control frame message aims to supply the essential information to the receiver node to get the next wake-up-interval (WUI) time for the transmitter node using the proposed adaptive function. The proposed adaptive function is used by the receiver node to calculate the next WUI time of each of the transmitter nodes. Several simulations are conducted based on the benchmark protocols. The outcome of the simulation indicates that the proposed mechanism can prevent the incorrect traffic convergence problem that causes frequent wake-up of the receiver node compared to the transmitter node. Moreover, the simulation results also indicate that the proposed mechanism could reduce energy consumption, produce minor latency, improve the throughput, and produce higher packet delivery ratio compared to other related works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T11:26:22Z","timestamp":1567077982000},"page":"3732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Adaptive Wake-Up-Interval to Enhance Receiver-Based Ps-Mac Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Sani","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lip Yee","family":"Por","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Rashid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, King Khalid University Abha, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9058-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawsher","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, King Khalid University Abha, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"Tan Fong","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Anisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2488-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhirui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihsan","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science &amp; Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.10.006","article-title":"A review of Internet of Things for smart home: Challenges and solutions","volume":"140","author":"Stojkoska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2015-0074","article-title":"Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in smart cities: A case study of IBM smart city projects","volume":"22","author":"Scuotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bus. Process Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.05.015","article-title":"L-MAC: A wake-up time self-learning MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"105","author":"Dinh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"51","article-title":"Optimal Transmit Power for Channel Access Based WSN MAC Protocols","volume":"18","author":"Memon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1166\/asem.2019.2326","article-title":"A Novel Approach for Comparative Analysis on Energy Effectiveness of H-MAC and S-MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"11","author":"Malik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Yazdi, F.R., Hosseinzadeh, M., and Jabbehdari, S. (2019). A Priority-Based MAC Protocol for Energy Consumption and Delay Guaranteed in Wireless Body Area Networks. Wirel. Pers. Commun., 1\u201320."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.052213.00116","article-title":"Survey and taxonomy of duty cycling mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"16","author":"Carrano","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1199-x","article-title":"Delay and energy consumption analysis of priority guaranteed MAC protocol for wireless body area networks","volume":"23","author":"Rasheed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-016-3581-5","article-title":"PRIN: A priority-based energy efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks varying the sample inter-arrival time","volume":"92","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Personal Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76228","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883391","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of IoT and WSN MAC Protocols: Research Issues, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.07.005","article-title":"A general model for MAC protocol selection in wireless sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Asudeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2017.1279516","article-title":"Overhearing dialogues and monologues: How does entrainment lead to more comprehensible referring expressions","volume":"55","author":"Tolins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Discourse Process"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.10.034","article-title":"Node-power-based MAC protocol with adaptive listening period for wireless sensor networks","volume":"84","author":"Ramadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Jung, J., Koo, Y., and Yi, Y. (2019). Bird-MAC: Energy-Efficient MAC for Quasi-Periodic IoT Applications by Avoiding Early Wake-up. IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2019.2899572"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.11.136","article-title":"Proposal of Receiver Initiated MAC Protocol for WSN in urban environment using IoT","volume":"49","author":"Fernandes","year":"2016","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"441","article-title":"Performance Analysis of a Multichannel Dynamically Aggregative MAC Protocol for WSNs","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2017.03.003","article-title":"The Emergence MAC (E-MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"62","author":"Mickus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.01.004","article-title":"Modeling and performance analysis of RI-MAC under a star topology","volume":"104","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.07.026","article-title":"Fault tolerant time synchronization using offsets table robust broadcasting protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"81","author":"Medani","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2017.04.002","article-title":"Multi-hop consensus time synchronization algorithm for sparse wireless sensor network: A distributed constraint-based dynamic programming approach","volume":"61","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.020","article-title":"Design and analysis of collision free MAC for wireless sensor networks with or without data retransmission","volume":"80","author":"Sahoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2016.10.006","article-title":"Collision-tolerant broadcast scheduling in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks","volume":"100","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., and Johnson, D.B. (2008, January 5\u20137). RI-MAC: A receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems, Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460412.1460414"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, L., Sun, Y., Gurewitz, O., and Johnson, D.B. (2011, January 10\u201315). PW-MAC: An energy-efficient predictive-wakeup MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the INFOCOM IEEE, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5934913"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"950656","article-title":"A receiver-initiated MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks based on tree topology","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada, L., and Henna, S. (2016, January 24\u201326). AS-PW-MAC: An adaptive scheduling predictive wake-up MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/INTECH.2016.7845033"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.09.003","article-title":"A prediction-based asynchronous MAC protocol for heavy traffic load in wireless sensor networks","volume":"82","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2720781","article-title":"An Adaptive Low-Power Listening Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Noisy Environments","volume":"12","author":"Dinh","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2771397","article-title":"ADP-MAC: An Adaptive and Dynamic Polling-Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"18","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-017-0878-x","article-title":"A low duty cycle efficient MAC protocol based on self-adaption and predictive strategy","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mobile Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Nguyen, V.T., Gautier, M., and Berder, O. (2014). Implementation of an adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol in OMNeT++\/MiXiM. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2539299","article-title":"A heuristic self-adaptive medium access control for resource-constrained WBAN Systems","volume":"4","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Li, G., and Wang, F. (2017). An Adaptive Back-Off Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks. Future Internet, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi9020019"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2669996","article-title":"A self-adaptive sleep\/wake-up scheduling approach for wireless sensor networks","volume":"48","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"140","article-title":"Scheduling Beacon Transmission to Improve Delay for Receiver-initiated-MAC Based Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"26","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2880797","article-title":"A Wake-Up Radio-Based MAC Protocol for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"27","author":"Pegatoquet","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2012.2187243","article-title":"TAD-MAC: Traffic-aware dynamic MAC protocol for wireless body area sensor networks","volume":"2","author":"Alam","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Buettner, M., Yee, G.V., Anderson, E., and Han, R. (November, January 31). X-MAC: A short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.09.002","article-title":"An asynchronous scheduled MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"57","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3732\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:14:51Z","timestamp":1760188491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19173732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19173732","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]]}}}