{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:45:16Z","timestamp":1760240716071,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Human Resource Development (HRD)","award":["1622481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1622481"]}]},{"name":"Tribal Colleges and Universities Program (TCUP)","award":["1914787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1914787"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface Laplacian estimates via concentric ring electrodes (CREs) have proven to enhance spatial resolution compared to conventional disc electrodes, which is of great importance for P-wave analysis. In this study, Laplacian estimates for traditional bipolar configuration (BC), two tripolar configurations with linearly decreasing and increasing inter-ring distances (TCLDIRD and TCLIIRD, respectively), and quadripolar configuration (QC) were obtained from cardiac recordings with pentapolar CREs placed at CMV1 and CMV2 positions. Normalized P-wave amplitude (NAP) was computed to assess the contrast to study atrial activity. Signals were of good quality (20\u201330 dB). Atrial activity was more emphasized at CMV1 (NAP \u2243 0.19\u20130.24) compared to CMV2 (NAP \u2243 0.08\u20130.10). Enhanced spatial resolution of TCLIIRD and QC resulted in higher NAP values than BC and TCLDIRD. Comparison with simultaneous standard 12-lead ECG proved that Laplacian estimates at CMV1 outperformed all the limb and chest standard leads in the contrast to study P-waves. Clinical recordings with CRE at this position could allow more detailed observation of atrial activity and facilitate the diagnosis of associated pathologies. Furthermore, such recordings would not require additional electrodes on limbs and could be performed wirelessly, so it should also be suitable for ambulatory monitoring, for example, using cardiac Holter monitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T03:16:12Z","timestamp":1567394172000},"page":"3780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of Bipolar, Tripolar, and Quadripolar Laplacian Estimates of Electrocardiogram via Concentric Ring Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garcia-Casado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyao","family":"Ye-Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Prats-Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Makeyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Din\u00e9 College, Tsaile, AZ 86556, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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