{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:33:13Z","timestamp":1769841193025,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]],"date-time":"2019-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information, Communication, Planning and Evaluation","award":["IITP-2019-2016-0-00318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2019-2016-0-00318"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a strong devotion in the automotive industry to be part of a wider progression towards the Fifth Generation (5G) era. In-vehicle integration costs between cellular and vehicle-to-vehicle networks using Dedicated Short Range Communication could be avoided by adopting Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) technology with the possibility to re-use the existing mobile network infrastructure. More and more, with the emergence of Software Defined Networks, the flexibility and the programmability of the network have not only impacted the design of new vehicular network architectures but also the implementation of V2X services in future intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we define the concepts that help evaluate software-defined-based vehicular network systems in the literature based on their modeling and implementation schemes. We first overview the current studies available in the literature on C-V2X technology in support of V2X applications. We then present the different architectures and their underlying system models for LTE-V2X communications. We later describe the key ideas of software-defined networks and their concepts for V2X services. Lastly, we provide a comparative analysis of existing SDN-based vehicular network system grouped according to their modeling and simulation concepts. We provide a discussion and highlight vehicular ad-hoc networks\u2019 challenges handled by SDN-based vehicular networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,2]],"date-time":"2019-09-02T03:16:12Z","timestamp":1567394172000},"page":"3788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Software-Defined Network-Based Vehicular Networks: A Position Paper on Their Modeling and Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lionel","family":"Nkenyereye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8871-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis","family":"Nkenyereye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Security, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"given":"S. M. Riazul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computer and Electronics Systems Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin-si 17035, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jong-Wook","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2368356","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking for RSU clouds in support of the Internet of Vehicles","volume":"2","author":"Mohammad","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2668838","article-title":"Mobile-Edge Computing for Vehicular networks","volume":"12","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Vehic. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600408","article-title":"5G Network Slicing for Vehicle-to-Everything Services","volume":"24","author":"Campolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7497762","article-title":"LTE Evolution for Vehicle-to-Everything Services","volume":"6","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Survey on Infrastructure-Based Vehicular Networks","volume":"2017","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2019, August 31). 5G Americas V2X Cellular Solutions. Available online: http:\/\/www.5gamericas.org\/files\/2914\/7769\/1296\/5GA_V2X_Report_FINAL_for_upload.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, August 31). 5GAA, White Papers, Toward Fully Connected Vehicles: Edge Computing for Advanced Automotive Communications. Available online: http:\/\/5gaa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/5GAA_T-170219-whitepaper-EdgeComputing_5GAA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601150","article-title":"A Scalable and Quick-Response Software Defined Vehicular Network Assisted by Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"55","author":"Jianqi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2016.7405730","article-title":"A Novel Load Balancing Strategy of Software-Defined Cloud\/Fog Networking on the Internet of Vehicles","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1601165","article-title":"Latency Control in Software-Defined Mobile-Edge vehicular Networking","volume":"55","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, B.N., Lee, M.G., and Doudane, G.Y. (2015, January 11\u201315). Software Defined Networking-based Vehicular Adhoc Network with Fog Computing. Proceedings of the 2015 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INM.2015.7140467"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ku, I., Lu, Y., Gerla, M., Ongaro, F., Gomes, L.R., and Cerqueira, E. (2014, January 2\u20134). Towards Software-Defined VANET: Architecture and Services. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Mediterranean AdHoc Networking Workshop (MED-HOC-NET), Piran, Slovenia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MedHocNet.2014.6849111"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Software-Defined Heterogeneous Vehicular Networking: The Architectural Design and Open Challenges","volume":"11","author":"Adnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Internet"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"From Theory to Experimental Evaluation: Resource Management in Software-Defined Vehicular Networks","volume":"5","author":"Ramon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1145\/3161587.3161593","article-title":"An overview of 3GPP cellular vehicle-to-everything standards","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Get Mobile."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). Study on LTE Support for Vehicle to Everything(V2X) Services. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=2898."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Rebbeck, T., Stewart, J., Lacour, H.A., Lillen, A., McClure, D., and Dunoyer, A. (2019, August 31). Socio-Economic Benefits of Cellular V2X, Final Report for 5GAA. Available online: http:\/\/www.analysysmason.com\/contentassets\/b1bd66c1baf443be9678b483619f2f3d\/analysys-mason-report-for-5gaa-on-socio-economic-benefits-of-cellular-v2x.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"US Department of transportation (2019, August 31). The smart\/Connected City and Its Implications for Connected Transportation, Available online: www.its.dot.gov\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). LTE-Based V2X Services. Available online: http:\/\/www.tech-invite.com\/3m36\/tinv-3gpp-36-885.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). Liaison Statement from 3GPP RAN on LTE-Based Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication. Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/news-events\/3gpp-news\/1798-v2x_r14."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio. Available online: https:\/\/www.etsi.org\/deliver\/etsi_ts\/136300_136399\/136300\/09.04.00_60\/ts_136300v090400p.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). Study on the Enhancement of 3GPP Support 5G V2X Services. TR 22.886. Available online: https:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/DynaReport\/22-series.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Mao, S., and Gong, M.X. (2019, August 31). An Overview of 3GPP Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Standards. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmobile.org\/pubs\/getmobile\/articles\/Vol21Issue3_2.pdf.","DOI":"10.1145\/3161587.3161593"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"3GPP (2019, August 31). Service Requirements for V2X Services. Available online: https:\/\/portal.3gpp.org\/desktopmodules\/Specifications\/SpecificationDetails.aspx?specificationId=2989."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2017.2752798","article-title":"A New 5G Technology for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Everything Communications","volume":"10","author":"Masegosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Vehicular Tech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2611605","article-title":"LTE-V: A TD-LTE-Based V2X Solution for Future Vehicular Network","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7497766","article-title":"Licensed-Assisted Access LTE: Coexistence with IEEE 802.11 and the Evolution toward 5G","volume":"54","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Boban, M., Kousaridas, A., Manolakis, K., Eichinger, J., and Xu, W. (2019, August 31). Use Cases, Requirements, and Design Considerations for 5G V2X. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1712.01754.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawasaki, R., Onishi, H., and Murase, T. (2017, January 24\u201327). Performance Evaluation on V2X Communication with PC5-based and uu-based LTE in Crash Warning Application. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 6th Global Conferenceon Consumer Electronics (GCCE2017), Nagoya, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCCE.2017.8229434"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2371999","article-title":"Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"103","author":"Kreutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Fei, H. (2016). Network Innovation through OpenFlow and SDN: Principles and Design, CRC Publishing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7895","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2563164","article-title":"Control Plane Optimization in Software-Defined Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE T.Veh.Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Ding, Y.A., and Tarkoma, S. (2013). Software-Defined Networking in Mobile Access Networks, Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Software-Defined Network (2019, August 31). What Is It, How Does It Work, and What Is Good for. Available online: http:\/\/www.cs.tau.ac.il\/~msagiv\/courses\/rsdn\/SDN-TAU.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chayapathi, R., Hassan, F.S., and Shah, P. (2016). Software defined Networking (SDN). Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) with A Touch of SD, Addison-Wesley Professional."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Toufga, S., Owezarski, P., Abdellatif, S., and Villemur, T. (February, January 31). A SDN hybrid architecture for vehicular networks: Applications to Intelligent Transport System. Proceedings of the 9th Europen Congress on Embedded Real Time Software and Systems (ERTS), Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"James, E.C. (2019, August 31). An Introduction to the Use of Modelig and Simulation throughout the Systems Engineering Process. Available online: https:\/\/ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net\/ndia\/2012\/systemtutorial\/14907.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"10","article-title":"Enabling rapid innovation for heterogeneous vehicular communications","volume":"30","author":"Zongjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"80","article-title":"An Architecture for Hierarchical Software-Defined vehicular Networks","volume":"55","author":"Sergio","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Software-Defined Approach for Communication in Autonomous Transportation Systems","volume":"4","author":"Piyush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Web"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2017.07.007","article-title":"A survey on Software-defined networking in vehicular ad hoc networks: Challenges, applications and use cases","volume":"35","author":"Manisha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701320","article-title":"Software-Defined and Fog-Computing-Based Next Generation Vehicular Networks","volume":"56","author":"Yeomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wafa, B.J., Mauro, C., and Chhagan, L. (2019, August 31). Software-Defined VANETs: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Directions. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1904.04577."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:15:40Z","timestamp":1760188540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19173788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19173788","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,31]]}}}