{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:11:57Z","timestamp":1778346717872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 3022 N33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 3022 N33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["865208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"POSITIM","award":["873353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["873353"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a rich repertoire of methods for stress detection using various physiological signals and algorithms. However, there is still a gap in research efforts moving from laboratory studies to real-world settings. A small number of research has verified when a physiological response is a reaction to an extrinsic stimulus of the participant\u2019s environment in real-world settings. Typically, physiological signals are correlated with the spatial characteristics of the physical environment, supported by video records or interviews. The present research aims to bridge the gap between laboratory settings and real-world field studies by introducing a new algorithm that leverages the capabilities of wearable physiological sensors to detect moments of stress (MOS). We propose a rule-based algorithm based on galvanic skin response and skin temperature, combing empirical findings with expert knowledge to ensure transferability between laboratory settings and real-world field studies. To verify our algorithm, we carried out a laboratory experiment to create a \u201cgold standard\u201d of physiological responses to stressors. We validated the algorithm in real-world field studies using a mixed-method approach by spatially correlating the participant\u2019s perceived stress, geo-located questionnaires, and the corresponding real-world situation from the video. Results show that the algorithm detects MOS with 84% accuracy, showing high correlations between measured (by wearable sensors), reported (by questionnaires and eDiary entries), and recorded (by video) stress events. The urban stressors that were identified in the real-world studies originate from traffic congestion, dangerous driving situations, and crowded areas such as tourist attractions. The presented research can enhance stress detection in real life and may thus foster a better understanding of circumstances that bring about physiological stress in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1567585693000},"page":"3805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Detecting Moments of Stress from Measurements of Wearable Physiological Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Kyriakou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernd","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Sagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5029-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Petutschnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Niederseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Liedlgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tess","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Demography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Pykett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhang, B. 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