{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T23:00:21Z","timestamp":1774047621708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dielectrophoretic force is an electric force experienced by particles subjected to non-uniform electric fields. In recent years, plenty of dielectrophoretic force (DEP) applications have been developed. Most of these works have been centered on particle positioning and manipulation. DEP particle characterization has been left in the background. Likewise, these characterizations have studied the electric properties of particles from a qualitative point of view. This article focuses on the quantitative measurement of cells\u2019 dielectric force, specifically yeast cells. The measures are obtained as the results of a theoretical model and an instrumental method, both of which are developed and described in the present article, based on a dielectrophoretic chamber made of two V-shaped placed electrodes. In this study, 845 cells were measured. For each one, six speeds were taken at different points in its trajectory. Furthermore, the chamber design is repeatable, and this was the first time that measurements of dielectrophoretic force and cell velocity for double yeast cells were accomplished. To validate the results obtained in the present research, the results have been compared with the dielectric properties of yeast cells collected in the pre-existing literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19173813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1567585693000},"page":"3813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of Simple and Double Yeast Cells Using Dielectrophoretic Force Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando-Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Diego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ACUMA Research Center Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. de los Naranjos s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2783-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Rubio-Chavarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. de los Naranjos s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACUMA Research Center Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. de los Naranjos s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5901-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Espin\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACUMA Research Center Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Av. de los Naranjos s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0071705jes","article-title":"Review\u2014Where Is Dielectrophoresis (DEP) Going?","volume":"164","author":"Pethig","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10855","DOI":"10.1021\/ac5029837","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Monitoring and Interstrain Separation of Intact Clostridium difficile Based on Their S(Surface)-Layers","volume":"86","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6010545","article-title":"Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells by Dielectrophoresis","volume":"6","author":"Gascoyne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-013-9784-6","article-title":"Enrichment of Prostate Cancer Cells from Blood Cells with a Hybrid Dielectrophoresis and Immunocapture Microfluidic System","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN02430G","article-title":"Concentration of Sindbis Virus with Optimized Gradient Insulator-Based Dielectrophoresis","volume":"141","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44115","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4892036","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Sample Preparation for Environmental Monitoring of Microorganisms: Soil Particle Removal","volume":"8","author":"Fatoyinbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54020","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/21\/5\/054020","article-title":"Single-DNA-Molecule Trapping with Silicon Nanotweezers Using Pulsed Dielectrophoresis","volume":"21","author":"Kumemura","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0810","article-title":"Unique Dielectric Properties Distinguish Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Progeny","volume":"26","author":"Flanagan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17001","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.017001","article-title":"Dielectrophoresis and Dielectrophoretic Impedance Detection of Adenovirus and Rotavirus","volume":"55","author":"Nakano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201200444","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Isolation and Detection of cfc-DNA Nanoparticulate Biomarkers and Virus from Blood","volume":"34","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakano, M., Obara, R., Ding, Z., and Suehiro, J. (2013, January 3\u20135). Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus by Dielectrophoretic Impedance Measurement. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), Wellington, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSensT.2013.6727678"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201400016","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Isolation and Detection of Cancer-Related Circulating Cell-Free DNA Biomarkers from Blood and Plasma","volume":"35","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1021\/ac102854z","article-title":"Sensitive and Spatially Multiplexed Detection System Based on Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of DNA-Encoded Particles Used as Immunoreactions Platform","volume":"83","author":"Yasukawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd Rahman, N., Ibrahim, F., and Yafouz, B. (2017). Dielectrophoresis for Biomedical Sciences Applications: A Review. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030449"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7437-5","article-title":"Differentiation of Escherichia Coli Serotypes Using DC Gradient Insulator Dielectrophoresis","volume":"406","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Cruz, J.M., and Garcia-Diego, F.J. (1997, January 5\u20139). Dielectrophoretic Force Measurements in Yeast Cells by the Stokes Method. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/31\/14\/020","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Motion of Oblate Spheroidal Particles. Measurements of Motion of Red Blood Cells Using the Stokes Method","volume":"31","author":"Cruz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1039\/c1lc20307j","article-title":"Continuous Dielectrophoretic Bacterial Separation and Concentration from Physiological Media of High Conductivity","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/cm500062b","article-title":"Rapid and Sensitive in Situ SERS Detection Using Dielectrophoresis","volume":"26","author":"Cherukulappurath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100081","article-title":"Selective Concentration of Human Cancer Cells Using Contactless Dielectrophoresis","volume":"32","author":"Henslee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, A., Mogami, T., Watanabe, M., Iijima, K., Akiyama, Y., Katayama, K., Futami, T., Yamamoto, N., Sawada, T., and Koizumi, F. (2015). High-Density Dielectrophoretic Microwell Array for Detection, Capture, and Single-Cell Analysis of Rare Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood. PLoS One, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130418"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huh, D., Gu, W., Kamotani, Y., Grotberg, J.B., and Takayama, S. (2005). Microfluidics for Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cells and Particles. Physiol. Meas., 26.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/3\/R02"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201500282","article-title":"Discriminating Dengue-Infected Hepatic Cells (WRL-68) Using Dielectrophoresis","volume":"37","author":"Yafouz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11803","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4774312","article-title":"Separation of Tumor Cells with Dielectrophoresis-Based Microfluidic Chip","volume":"7","author":"Alshareef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1039\/C3IB40255J","article-title":"Human Oral Cancer Cells with Increasing Tumorigenic Abilities Exhibit Higher Effective Membrane Capacitance","volume":"6","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1629","article-title":"Characterization of Human Skeletal Stem and Bone Cell Populations Using Dielectrophoresis","volume":"9","author":"Ismail","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2019.2895539","article-title":"UHF-Dielectrophoresis Crossover Frequency as a New Marker for Discrimination of Glioblastoma Undifferentiated Cells","volume":"3","author":"Manczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electromagnet. RF Microwaves Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22001","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/2\/022001","article-title":"Cell manipulation in Microfluidics","volume":"5","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201202195","article-title":"Acute On-Chip HIV Detection Through Label-Free Electrical Sensing of Viral Nano-Lysate","volume":"9","author":"Shafiee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201400481","article-title":"A Portable and Integrated Instrument for Cell Manipulation by Dielectrophoresis","volume":"36","author":"Burgarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2010.01.013","article-title":"A Modular Micro-Fluidic Platform for Cells Handling by Dielectrophoresis","volume":"87","author":"Burgarella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125501","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/26\/12\/125501","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Stretching of DNA Tethered to a Fiber Tip","volume":"26","author":"Hyun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2217\/ijh-2015-0009","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Recovery of DNA from Plasma for the Identification of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Point Mutations","volume":"1","author":"Manouchehri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heller, M.J., Krishnan, R., and Sonnenberg, A. (2010). Rapid Detection of Cancer Related DNA Nanoparticulate Biomarkers and Nanoparticles in Whole Blood. Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics, 7759.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.861579"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10717","DOI":"10.1021\/ac4021616","article-title":"Combined Dielectrophoresis\u2013Raman Setup for the Classification of Pathogens Recovered from the Urinary Tract","volume":"85","author":"Ramoji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2014.11.006","article-title":"Quantitative Biomechanics of Healthy and Diseased Human Red Blood Cells Using Dielectrophoresis in a Microfluidic System","volume":"1","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Extrem. Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201400500","article-title":"Real-Time Dielectrophoretic Signaling and Image Quantification Methods for Evaluating Electrokinetic Properties of Nanoparticles","volume":"36","author":"Bakewell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5933","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2879350","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Single Cells Subjected to Heat Shock Using DEP Cytometry","volume":"12","author":"Afshar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Pohl, H.A. (1978). Dielectrophoresis: the behavior of neutral matter in nonuniform electric fields, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"721","article-title":"Joule heating effects on reservoir-based dielectrophoresis","volume":"35","author":"Akshay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201200482","article-title":"Protein Dielectrophoresis: Advances, Challenges, and Applications","volume":"34","author":"Asuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/25\/5\/022","article-title":"Positive and Negative Dielectrophoretic Collection of Colloidal Particles Using Interdigitated Castellated Microelectrodes","volume":"25","author":"Pethig","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(90)82520-0","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Spectra of Single Cells Determined by Feedback-Controlled Levitation","volume":"57","author":"Kaler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.3.860","article-title":"Separation of Human Breast Cancer Cells From Blood by Differential Dielectric Affinity","volume":"92","author":"Becker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/26\/9\/030","article-title":"Electrokinetic Behaviour of Colloidal Particles in Travelling Electric Fields: Studies Using Yeast Cells","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/3\/5\/001","article-title":"Dielectrophoretic Separation of Mammalian Cells Studied by Computerized Image Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Gascoyne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/26\/8\/019","article-title":"Selective Dielectrophoretic Confinement of Bioparticles in Potential Energy Wells","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"935","article-title":"An Experimental Investigation of the Circumstances Which Determine Whether the Motion of Water Shall Be Direct or Sinuous, and of the Law of Resistance in Parallel Channels","volume":"174","author":"Reynolds","year":"1883","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2509(95)00337-1","article-title":"Determination of the Magnetic Susceptibility of Labeled Particles by Video Imaging","volume":"51","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Happel, J., and Brenner, H. (1983). Low Reynolds number Hydrodynamcis with special applications to particulate media, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8352-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02368531","article-title":"Linear and Nonlinear Electrode Polarization and Biological Materials","volume":"20","author":"Schwan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Jones, T.B. Electromechanics of particles, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2050-0416.1970.tb03325.x","article-title":"Institute of Brewing: Analysis Committee Measurement of Yeast Viability","volume":"76","author":"Pierce","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/21\/3\/024","article-title":"On the Effective Dielectric Constant of Columns or Layers of Dielectric Spheres","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22802","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3454129","article-title":"Interaction between Cells in Dielectrophoresis and Electrorotation Experiments","volume":"4","author":"Sancho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(96)79420-1","article-title":"Dielectric Behavior of Wild-Type Yeast and Vacuole-Deficient Mutant Over a Frequency Range of 10 kHz to 10 GHz","volume":"71","author":"Asami","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(92)90150-K","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Yeast Cells as Determined by Electrorotation","volume":"1104","author":"Lamprecht","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2760(97)00092-1","article-title":"Electrorotation of Liposomes: Verification of Dielectric Multi-Shell Model for Cells","volume":"1349","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3813\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:16:31Z","timestamp":1760188591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/17\/3813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19173813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19173813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]}}}