{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:01:50Z","timestamp":1778871710755,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spectrum sensing is a core technology in cognitive radio (CR) systems. In this paper, a multiple-antenna cooperative spectrum sensor based on the wavelet transform and Gaussian mixture model (MAWG) is proposed. Compared with traditional methods, the MAWG method avoids the derivation of the threshold and improves the performance of single secondary user (SU) spectrum sensing in cases of channel loss and hidden terminal. The MAWG method reduces the noise of the signal which collected by the multiple-antenna SUs through the wavelet transform. Then, the fusion center (FC) extracts the statistical features from the signals that are pre-processed by the wavelet transform. To extract the statistical features, an sensing data fusion method is proposed. The MAWG method divides all SUs that are involved in the cooperative spectrum sensing into two clusters and extracts a two-dimensional feature vector. In order to avoid complicated decision threshold derivation, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to train a classifier for spectrum sensing according to these two-dimensional feature vectors. Simulation experiments are performed in the \u03ba \u2212 \u03bc channel model. The simulation shows that the MAWG can effectively improve spectrum sensing performance under the \u03ba \u2212 \u03bc channel model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1567998881000},"page":"3863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multiple-Antenna Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Based on the Wavelet Transform and Gaussian Mixture Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1303-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hantao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pin","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Wireless Communications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5278","DOI":"10.1109\/T-WC.2008.060680","article-title":"Robust Cooperative Routing Protocol in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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