{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T01:15:30Z","timestamp":1768439730787,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emulation of human behavior for autonomous problem solving has been an interdisciplinary field of research. Generally, classical control systems are used for static environments, where external disturbances and changes in internal parameters can be fully modulated before or neglected during operation. However, classical control systems are inadequate at addressing environmental uncertainty. By contrast, autonomous systems, which were first studied in the field of control systems, can be applied in an unknown environment. This paper summarizes the state of the art autonomous systems by first discussing the definition, modeling, and system structure of autonomous systems and then providing a perspective on how autonomous systems can be integrated with advanced resources (e.g., the Internet of Things, big data, Over-the-Air, and federated learning). Finally, what comes after reaching full autonomy is briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T10:52:26Z","timestamp":1568112746000},"page":"3897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Integrations between Autonomous Systems and Modern Computing Techniques: A Mini Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerry","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysam","family":"Abbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiann-Shing","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011288000451","article-title":"Turing test: 50 years later","volume":"10","author":"Saygin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Minds Mach."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","volume":"Volume LIX (236)","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/0952813X.2015.1055826","article-title":"Can machines think? 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