{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:10:50Z","timestamp":1776773450766,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scientists of China","award":["51622904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51622904"]}]},{"name":"The Tianjin Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scientists of China","award":["17JCJQJC44000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17JCJQJC44000"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of China","award":["51621092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51621092"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is significant to identify rock-mineral microscopic images in geological engineering. The task of microscopic mineral image identification, which is often conducted in the lab, is tedious and time-consuming. Deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) provide a method to analyze mineral microscopic images efficiently and smartly. In this research, the transfer learning model of mineral microscopic images is established based on Inception-v3 architecture. The four mineral image features, including K-feldspar (Kf), perthite (Pe), plagioclase (Pl), and quartz (Qz or Q), are extracted using Inception-v3. Based on the features, the machine learning methods, logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and gaussian naive Bayes (GNB), are adopted to establish the identification models. The results are evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. LR, SVM, and MLP have a significant performance among all the models, with accuracy of about 90.0%. The evaluation result shows LR, SVM, and MLP are the outstanding single models in high-dimensional feature analysis. The three models are also selected as the base models in model stacking. The LR model is also set as the meta classifier in the final prediction. The stacking model can achieve 90.9% accuracy, which is higher than all the single models. The result also shows that model stacking effectively improves model performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T11:26:34Z","timestamp":1568201194000},"page":"3914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Intelligent Identification for Rock-Mineral Microscopic Images Using Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3010-0892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingchao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiubing","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-009-9154-x","article-title":"Textural identification of basaltic rock mass using image processing and neural network","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. 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