{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T11:57:33Z","timestamp":1763035053180,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]],"date-time":"2019-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["771649- SWINOSTICS project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["771649- SWINOSTICS project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper we introduce a field diagnostic device based on the combination of advanced bio-sensing and photonics technologies, to tackle emerging and endemic viruses causing swine epidemics, and consequently significant economic damage in farms. The device is based on the use of microring resonators fabricated in silicon nitride with CMOS compatible techniques. In the paper, the designed and fabricated photonic integrated circuit (PIC) sensors are presented and characterized, showing an optimized performance in terms of optical losses (30 dB per ring) and extinction ration for ring resonances (15 dB). Furthermore, the results of an experiment for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) detection by using the developed biosensors are presented. Positive detection for different virus concentrations has been obtained. The device is currently under development in the framework of the EU Commission co-funded project SWINOSTICS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]],"date-time":"2019-09-16T03:17:57Z","timestamp":1568603877000},"page":"3985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Design and Development of Photonic Biosensors for Swine Viral Diseases Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5428-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amadeu","family":"Griol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Nanophotonics Technology Center, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Peransi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Nanophotonics Technology Center, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Bellieres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Nanophotonics Technology Center, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Nanophotonics Technology Center, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Zurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia Nanophotonics Technology Center, 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carles","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Recuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Sim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lumensia Sensors S.L., 46022 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyula","family":"Balka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bossis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Capo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, CNR, 83100 Avelino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Camarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, CNR, 83100 Avelino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabato","family":"D\u2019Auria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, CNR, 83100 Avelino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Varriale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science, CNR, 83100 Avelino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CyRIC, Cyprus Research and Innovation Centre, Nicosia 2414, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20990","DOI":"10.3390\/s150920990","article-title":"Development of a conductivity sensor for monitoring groundwater resources to optimize water management in smart city environments","volume":"15","author":"Parra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, N., Pinto, P., Traore, M., and Agah, M. (2011, January 28\u201331). Paper-based capacitive mass sensor. Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2011 IEEE, Limerick, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2011.6127369"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00632-8","article-title":"Fluorescence detection of nitrogen dioxide with perylene\/PMMA thin films","volume":"72","author":"Sasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-09-2014-696","article-title":"Detecting gases with light: A review of optical gas sensor technologies","volume":"35","author":"Bogue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2015.05.007","article-title":"Three-gas detection system with IR optical sensor based on NDIR technology","volume":"74","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.11.015","article-title":"An optical temperature sensing system based on encapsulation of a dye molecule in organisilica sol-gels","volume":"107","author":"Burt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzeti, M., Cal\u00f2, G., D\u2019Orazio, A., De Sario, M., Mescia, L., Petruzzelli, V., and Prudenzano, F. (2007, January 6\u20138). Integrated Optical Sensor for Environment Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2007 ICTON Mediterranean Winter Conference, Sousse, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTONMW.2007.4446937"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Klokoc, P., Lujo, I., Bosiljevac, M., and Burum, N. (2008, January 10\u201312). Optical sensor system for vibration measuring. Proceedings of the 2008 50th International Symposium ELMAR, Zadar, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.830952","article-title":"Sensor technologies for monitoring metabolic activity in single cells\u2014part I: Optical methods","volume":"4","author":"Yotter","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Amir, R.A., and Massoud, Y.M. (2017, January 8\u201310). Bio-optical sensor for brain activity measurement based on whispering gallery modes. Proceedings of the Bio-MEMS and Medical Microdevices III, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2005.862953","article-title":"Optical Sensors Based on Active Microcavities","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"5","article-title":"Optical Sensors and Their Use In Medical Field","volume":"3","author":"Kalyani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Manage. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"255","article-title":"Photon based sensing of pathogens in food","volume":"1","author":"Mathew","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.3390\/s120810713","article-title":"Lab-on-a-chip pathogen sensors for food safety","volume":"12","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.03.004","article-title":"Label-free optical biosensors for food and biological sensor applications","volume":"265","author":"Khansili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2018, December 09). Swinostics. Available online: http:\/\/swinostics.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montagnese, C., Barattini, P., Giusti, A., Balka, G., Bruno, U., Bossis, I., Gelasakis, A., Bonasso, M., Philmis, P., and D\u00e9nes, L. (2019). A diagnostic device for in-situ detection of swine viral diseases: The SWINOSTICS project. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020407"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018, December 09). ASF Regionalization in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/food\/sites\/food\/files\/animals\/docs\/ad_control-measures_asf_pl-lt-regionalisation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2018, December 09). Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) 2009. Available online: http:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Animal_Health_in_the_World\/docs\/pdf\/Disease_cards\/CLASSICAL_SWINE_FEVER.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2672-z","article-title":"Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae","volume":"161","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12593","article-title":"Circulation of Porcine Parvovirus Types 1 through 6 in Serum Samples Obtained from Six Commercial Polish Pig Farms","volume":"64","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0405-2","article-title":"Evaluation of natural porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subclinical infection and seroconversion dynamics in piglets vaccinated at different ages","volume":"47","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1155","article-title":"Genetic reassortment between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs","volume":"193","author":"Castrucci","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Wright, J. High Quality Factor Silicon Nitride Ring Resonators for Biological Sensing. [Master\u2019s Thesis]. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/44715426_High_quality_factor_silicon_nitride_ring_resonators_for_biological_sensing."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081108","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3483766","article-title":"Ultra-thin Silicon Nitride Microring Resonator for Biophotonic Applications at 970 nm Wavelength","volume":"97","author":"Goykhman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6846","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.006846","article-title":"Demonstration of slot-waveguide structures on silicon nitride\/silicon dioxide platform","volume":"15","author":"Barrios","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kazmierczak, A., Vivien, L., Gylfason, K.B., Sanchez, B., Griol, A., Marris-Morini, D., Cassan, E., Dortu, F., Sohlstr\u00f6m, H., and Giannone, D. (2008, January 11\u201313). High quality optical microring resonators in Si3N4\/SiO2. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Integrated Optics and Technical Exhibition, Contributed and Invited Papers, ECIO\u201908 Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecio-conference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/05\/2008\/2008_ThD2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1039\/B914183A","article-title":"A packaged optical slot-waveguide ring resonator sensor array for multiplex assays in lab-on-chip","volume":"10","author":"Carlborg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Yao, Z., and Poon, A.W. (2015). Silicon-nitride-based integrated optofluidic biochemical sensors using a coupled-resonator optical waveguide. Front. Mater., 2. Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmats.2015.00034\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2015.00034"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.01.051","article-title":"Multiplexed detection of lectins using integrated glycan-coated microring resonators","volume":"80","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vivien, L., Maire, G., Sattler, G., Marris-Morini, D., Cassan, E., Laval, S., Ka\u017amierczak, A., Giannone, D., Sanchez, B., and Griol, A. (2007, January 19\u201321). A high efficiency silicon nitride grating coupler. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/GROUP4.2007.4347702"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/3985\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:20:19Z","timestamp":1760188819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/3985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19183985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19183985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]]}}}