{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T19:25:39Z","timestamp":1775849139941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["CTM2017-89767-C3-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTM2017-89767-C3-1-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon screen-printed electrode (SPCE), multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNTE), carbon nanofibers modified screen-printed electrode (SPCNFE), and graphene modified screen-printed electrode (SPGPHE) were in a pioneer way tested as sensors for the simultaneous determination of the two most consumed pain-killers, paracetamol (PA) and ibuprofen (IB), and the stimulant caffeine (CF) in water by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Their analytical performances were compared, and the resulting sensitivities (2.50, 0.074, and 0.24 \u03bcA V mg\u22121 L for PA, IB, and CF, respectively), detection limits (0.03, 0.6, and 0.05 mg L\u22121 for PA, IB, and CF, respectively) and quantification limits (0.09, 2.2, and 0.2 mg L\u22121 for PA, IB, and CF, respectively) suggested that the SPCNFE was the most suitable carbon-based electrode for the voltammetric determination of the selected analytes in water at trace levels. The methodology was validated using both spiked tap water and hospital wastewater samples. The results were compared to those achieved by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS), the technique of choice for the determination of the target analytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T03:40:06Z","timestamp":1568864406000},"page":"4039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Commercial Screen-Printed Electrodes Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for a Fast and Cost-Effective Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol, Ibuprofen and Caffeine in Water Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5951-1823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Serrano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona. Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d2scar","family":"Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona. Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ari\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona. Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Aigua (IdRA), University of Barcelona, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Diaz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8241-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"D\u00edaz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona. Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1-11, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca de l\u2019Aigua (IdRA), University of Barcelona, E08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1080\/02772241003614320","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals as priority water contaminants","volume":"92","author":"Bottoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"40","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: Removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal","volume":"239\u2013240","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011). 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