{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:50:57Z","timestamp":1778172657217,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MAT2015-64139-C4-3-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAT2015-64139-C4-3-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011596","name":"Conselleria d'Educaci\u00f3, Investigaci\u00f3, Cultura i Esport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GV\/2018\/090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GV\/2018\/090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lemon is the most sensitive citrus fruit to cold. Therefore, it is of capital importance to detect and avoid temperatures that could damage the fruit both when it is still in the tree and in its subsequent commercialization. In order to rapidly identify frost damage in this fruit, a system based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique (EIS) was used. This system consists of a signal generator device associated with a personal computer (PC) to control the system and a double-needle stainless steel electrode. Tests with a set of fruits both natural and subsequently frozen-thawed allowed us to differentiate the behavior of the impedance value depending on whether the sample had been previously frozen or not by means of a single principal components analysis (PCA) and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to generate a prediction model able to identify the damaged fruits just 24 hours after the cold phenomenon occurred, with sufficient robustness and reliability (CCR = 100%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T10:55:21Z","timestamp":1568890521000},"page":"4051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Freeze-Damage Detection in Lemons Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Ochandio Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda del Dise\u00f1o, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian Ariel","family":"Olgu\u00edn Pinatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia \u2013 Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Masot Peris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia \u2013 Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Laguarda-Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia \u2013 Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Cam\u00ed de Vera s\/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2017). 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