{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T12:32:42Z","timestamp":1778675562220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2011\/01\/B\/ST8\/07560"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011\/01\/B\/ST8\/07560"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the possibility of applying a soft polymer coating by means of a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique to highly birefringent polymer optical fibers designed for laminating in composite materials. In contrast to optical fibers made of pure silica glass, polymer optical fibers are manufactured without a soft polymer coating. In typical sensor applications, the absence of a buffer coating is an advantage. However, highly birefringent polymer optical fibers laminated in a composite material are much more sensitive to temperature changes than polymer optical fibers in a free space as a result of the thermal expansion of the composite material. To prevent this, we have covered highly birefringent polymer optical fibers with a soft polymer coating of different thickness and measured the temperature sensitivity of each solution. The results obtained show that the undesired temperature sensitivity of the laminated optical fiber decreases as the thickness of the coating layer increases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19184052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T10:55:21Z","timestamp":1568890521000},"page":"4052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Polymer Fibers Covered by Soft Multilayered Films for Sensing Applications in Composite Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dorian","family":"Nikoniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Bednarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maksymilian","family":"Sienkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Krzesi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Olszyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surflay Nanotec GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"D\u00e4hne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surflay Nanotec GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0144-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz R.","family":"Woli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4692-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Lesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/10\/4\/304","article-title":"Current and potential future research activities in adaptive structures: An ARO perspective","volume":"10","author":"Garg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, M. (2002). Encyclopedia of Smart Materials, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471216275"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0151-9107(01)80007-6","article-title":"Current and future trends in non-destructive testing of composite materials","volume":"25","author":"Gros","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. De Chim. Sci. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Reid, S.R., and Zhou, G. (2003). Impact Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials and Structures, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cowperthwaite, G.F., Gebelein, C., and Koblitz, F. (1981). Biomedical and Dental Application of Polymers, Plenum Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500306","article-title":"Alternatives in polymerization contraction stress management","volume":"15","author":"Braga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.03.010","article-title":"Influence of lamination process on optical fiber sensors embedded in composite material","volume":"45","author":"Lesiak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125002","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/20\/12\/125002","article-title":"The influence of thermal expansion of a composite material on embedded polarimetric sensors","volume":"20","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4564","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2579501","article-title":"Numerical Analysis of Stress Distribution in Embedded Polymer and Silica-Glass Highly Birefringent Fibers","volume":"34","author":"Lesiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"20","article-title":"Spectral characteristics of PMMA doped with a dimethacrylate derivative of naphthalene-2,7-diol use full in UV sensors","volume":"8","author":"Gil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phot. Lett. Pol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2010.08.004","article-title":"Special structured polymer fibers for sensing applications","volume":"16","author":"Tam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2010.7347","article-title":"Optical fibre Bragg grating recorded in TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.6.000649","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of polycarbonate microstructured polymer optical fibers for high temperature-resistant fiber Bragg grating strain sensors","volume":"6","author":"Fasano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.7.000286","article-title":"Zeonex micro-structured polymer optical fiber: Fabrication friendly fibers for high temperature and humidity insensitive Bragg grating sensing","volume":"7","author":"Woyessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.8.003600","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of drawn Zeonex, Topas, polycarbonate and PMMA microstructured polymer optical fibres","volume":"8","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhang, Z.F., Tam, H.-Y., and Tao, X. (2019). Multifunctional smart optical fibers: Materials, fabrication, and sensing applications. Photonics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics6020048"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877405","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2017364","article-title":"Influence of the lamination process on plastic optical fiber sensors embedded in composite materials","volume":"8774","author":"Lesiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200300568","article-title":"Tailor-made polyelectrolyte microcapsules: From multilayers to smart containers","volume":"43","author":"Peyratout","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Angew. Chem. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/2\/1\/S07","article-title":"Elasticity, biodegradability and cell adhesive properties of chitosan\/hyaluronan multilayer films","volume":"2","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatami, J., Silva, S.G., Oliveira, M.B., Costa, R.R., Reis, R.L., and Mano, J.F. (2017). Multilayered films produced by layer-by-layer assembly of chitosan and alginate as a potential platform for the formation of human adipose-derived stem cell aggregates. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9090440"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Born, M., and Wolf, E. (1993). Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Huard, S. (1997). Polarization of Light, Wiley."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:22:04Z","timestamp":1760188924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/18\/4052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s19184052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19184052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]}}}