{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1761598116783,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2017R1C1B5016846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017R1C1B5016846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10076675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10076675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reports the feasibility of Nakagami imaging in monitoring the regeneration process of zebrafish hearts in a noninvasive manner. In addition, spectral Doppler waveforms that are typically used to access the diastolic function were measured to validate the performance of Nakagami imaging. A 30-MHz high-frequency ultrasound array transducer was used to acquire backscattered echo signal for spectral Doppler and Nakagami imaging. The performances of both methods were validated with flow and tissue-mimicking phantom experiments. For in vivo experiments, both spectral Doppler and Nakagami imaging were simultaneously obtained from adult zebrafish with amputated hearts. Longitudinal measurements were performed for five zebrafish. From the experiments, the E\/A ratio measured using spectral Doppler imaging increased at 3 days post-amputation (3 dpa) and then decreased to the value before amputation, which were consistent with previous studies. Similar results were obtained from the Nakagami imaging where the Nakagami parameter value increased at 3 dpa and decreased to its original value. These results suggested that the Nakagami and spectral Doppler imaging would be useful techniques in monitoring the regeneration of heart or tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1569209192000},"page":"4094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Monitoring of Adult Zebrafish Heart Regeneration Using High-Frequency Ultrasound Spectral Doppler and Nakagami Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sunmi","family":"Yeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"}]},{"given":"Changhan","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ling","family":"Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saban Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1530-4002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tai-Kyong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"}]},{"given":"K. Kirk","family":"Shung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063654","article-title":"Organogenesis: Heart and blood formation from the zebrafish point of view","volume":"295","author":"Thisse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.07.003","article-title":"The zebrafish as a model for complex tissue regeneration","volume":"29","author":"Gemberling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00206.2009","article-title":"High-resolution cardiovascular function confirms functional orthology of myocardial contractility pathways in zebrafish","volume":"42","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. 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