{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:13:29Z","timestamp":1774422809310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51578456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51578456"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51878571"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878571"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, which can accurately measure strain, can be integrated with rock bolts with small fingerprints. In this paper, according to the force mechanism of prestressed anchor and non-prestressed anchor, different loading modes were designed, named active loading mode and passive loading mode. Then, FBG technology was used to monitor the axial force variation of prestressed anchor and non-prestressed anchor in different loading modes. Based on the test results, it is found that when the anchoring force is relatively small (&lt;35 kN), prestressed anchors need to be tested by active loading mode, and non-prestressed anchors need to be tested by passive loading mode. For the prestressed anchor, the force condition of the bolt-shaft was similar to that of the two-force bar, and the axial force of the bolt-shaft was nearly the same along its entire length. Taking the applied load as the reference, the change rate of the axial force of the bolt-shaft was less than 10%. For non-prestressed anchor, due to the plate, there is a certain area surrounding the plate where the axial force of the bolt-shaft was greatly influenced. With applied loads of less than 15 kN, the change rate of the axial force on FBG1 was greater than 10%. With applied loads of greater than 20 kN, this was less than 10%. In this area, influenced by the plate, the axial force of the bolt-shaft increases, and as the applied load of the pullout test increases, the influence decreases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1569209192000},"page":"4098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Testing Mechanical Properties of Rock Bolt under Different Supports Using Fiber Bragg Grating Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenwang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:6(466)","article-title":"Monitoring behavior of grouted anchors using vibrating-wire gauges","volume":"121","author":"Benmokrane","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3803","article-title":"Research and new progress in ground anchorage","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2018.02.015","article-title":"Design of anchor reinforcement for seismic tension loads","volume":"164","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2017.06.056","article-title":"Component model for pull-out behaviour of headed anchored blind bolt within concrete filled circular hollow section","volume":"148","author":"Oktavianus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-7798(02)00038-X","article-title":"Effect of grout properties on the pullout load capacity of fully grouted rock bolt","volume":"17","author":"Kilic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-7798(02)00077-9","article-title":"Effect of bar shape on the pull-out capability of fully-grouted rockbolts","volume":"18","author":"Kilic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Campoli, A., Mills, P., Todd, P., and Dever, K. (1999, January 3\u20135). Resin annulus size effects on rebar bolt pull strength and resin loss to fractured rock. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining, Morgantown, WV, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(75)90168-0","article-title":"Stress distribution along a resin grouted rock anchor","volume":"12","author":"Farmer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"37","article-title":"The behaviour of fully-bonded rock bolts in the kielder experimental tunnel","volume":"10","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tunn. Tunn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-6307(03)00036-0","article-title":"Environmental influence on the stress corrosion cracking of rock bolts","volume":"10","author":"Gamboa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2004.05.018","article-title":"Recent applications of fiber optic sensors to health monitoring in civil engineering","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045002","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa5d5d","article-title":"Fiber optic macro-bend based sensor for detection of metal loss","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Smart Sensing Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/50.618320","article-title":"Fiber Bragg Grating Technology Fundamentals and Overview","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1068-5200(02)00527-8","article-title":"Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024402","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2173659","article-title":"Strain transferring analysis of fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/s120101002","article-title":"FBG sensor for contact level monitoring and prediction of perforation in cardiac ablation","volume":"12","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065020","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa6ec2","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating based arterial localization device","volume":"26","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045017","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/25\/4\/045017","article-title":"Corrosion detection of steel reinforced concrete using combined carbon fiber and fiber Bragg grating active thermal probe","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272190","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/272190","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring of a Tall Building during Construction with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2008.10.007","article-title":"Strain monitoring in glass fiber reinforced composites embedded with carbon nanopaper sheet using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors","volume":"40","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Part B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2014.08.003","article-title":"Experimental study of leakage detection of natural gas pipeline using FBG based strain sensor and least square support vector machine","volume":"32","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2013.11.004","article-title":"Design and experimental study on FBG hoop-strain sensor in pipeline monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1724","article-title":"Application of support vector machine for pattern classification of active thermometry based pipeline scour monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendez, A., Morse, T.F., and Mendez, F. (1989, January 5\u20137). Applications of embedded optical fiber sensors in reinforced concrete buildings and structures. Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Photonics, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.963084"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631216","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/631216","article-title":"FBG-based creep analysis of GFRP materials embedded in concrete","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"719","article-title":"Pull out tests of figer Bragg grating sensor fitted bolts","volume":"41","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480184","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/480184","article-title":"Stress Monitoring for Anchor Rods System in Subway Tunnel Using FBG Technology","volume":"2015","author":"Weng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeck, M., Ecke, W., and Graupner, A. (2000, January 21\u201325). Strain monitoring in steel rock bolts using FBG sensor arrays. Proceedings of the International Society for Optical Engineering, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.397895"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.12.012","article-title":"A distributed self-sensing FRP anchor rod with built-in optical fiber sensor","volume":"46","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"121673","article-title":"Bolt pull-out tests of anchorage body under different loading rates","volume":"2015","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock Vib."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staveley, C. (2014, January 5\u20139). Get smart, go optical: Example uses of optical fibre sensing technology for production optimisation and subsea asset monitoring. Proceedings of the Fiber Optic Sensors and Applications XI, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2049935"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, G., Li, W., Wang, B., and Ho, S.C.M. (2017). A review of rock bolt monitoring using smart sensors. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040776"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/7\/2\/008","article-title":"Multiplexed Bragg grating optical fiber sensors for damage evaluation in highway bridges","volume":"7","author":"Idriss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.3390\/s16101564","article-title":"Strain sharing assessment in woven fiber reinforced concrete beams using fiber bragg grating sensors","volume":"16","author":"Roberto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.-Y., Chan, P.-W., Chang, H.-Y., and Liu, W.-F. (2018). A fiber bragg grating-based anemometer. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072213"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Huo, L., Li, H., and Song, G. (2018). A fiber bragg grating (FBG)-enabled smart washer for bolt pre-load measurement: Design, analysis, calibration, and experimental validation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082586"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrias Ant\u00f3nio Joan, C., and Sergi, V. (2016). A review of distributed optical fiber sensors for civil engineering applications. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050748"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D.S., and Li, H.N. (2005, January 7\u201310). Strain transferring of embedded fiber bragg grating sensors. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials and Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.596652"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.208","article-title":"Influence of cracks on chloride diffusivity in concrete: A five-phase mesoscale model approach","volume":"197","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/15732470601155490","article-title":"Steel corrosion and service life of reinforced concrete structures","volume":"4","author":"Bertolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4098\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:22:59Z","timestamp":1760188979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4098"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194098","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]}}}