{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:59:37Z","timestamp":1784548777136,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61727808"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61727808"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61775135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61775135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal-resistance temperature sensors generally employ temperature-sensitive materials as active layers, which are always deposited on a flexible substrate to improve flexibility. Such a temperature sensor is usually integrated in wearable devices with other sensors, such as pressure sensors and stretchable sensors. In prior works, the temperature and pressure sensors are usually located in different layers in a multifunction sensor, which results in a complicated fabrication process, as well as a large thickness of devices. Meanwhile, many temperature sensors are based on large areas of non-transparent materials, leading to difficulties in integrating display applications. In this paper, we demonstrate a flexible temperature sensor based on polyaniline\/graphene (GPANI)\u2013polyvinyl butyral (PVB) thin film and indium tin oxides (ITO)- polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The GPANI particles embedded in PVB film not only contribute to temperature detection, but also response to external pressures, due to weak deformations. In addition, the thin composite film (2.7 \u03bcm) highly improved the transparency. By optimizing the device structure, the sensor integrates temperature and pressure detection into one single layer, which shows a wide temperature range of 25\u201380 \u00b0C, a pressure range of 0\u201330 kPa, and a high transparency (&gt;80%). The temperature sensor offers great potential for applications in emerging wearable devices and electronic skins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T11:02:00Z","timestamp":1569236520000},"page":"4105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A Flexible Temperature Sensor Array with Polyaniline\/Graphene\u2013Polyvinyl Butyral Thin Film"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Lab for TFT-LCD Materials and Technologies, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4415-0188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Goodix Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Lab for TFT-LCD Materials and Technologies, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Lab for TFT-LCD Materials and Technologies, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1997157","article-title":"Design of Micro-Temperature Sensor Array with Thin Film Thermocouples","volume":"127","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Electron. Packag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00280-0","article-title":"Highly sensitive infrared temperature sensor using self-heating compensated microbolometers","volume":"79","author":"Ramakrishna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.903535","article-title":"High-resolution strain and temperature sensor based on distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser","volume":"19","author":"Shao","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201504659","article-title":"Stretchable Active Matrix Temperature Sensor Array of Polyaniline Nanofibers for Electronic Skin","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35289","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35289","article-title":"Inkjet-Printed Graphene\/PEDOT: PSS Temperature Sensors on a Skin-Conformable Polyurethane Substrate","volume":"6","author":"Vuorinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12321","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502392102","article-title":"Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes","volume":"102","author":"Someya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302869","article-title":"A flexible bimodal sensor array for simultaneous sensing of pressure and temperature","volume":"26","author":"Tien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141912","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3243692","article-title":"A stretchable temperature sensor based on elastically buckled thin film devices on elastomeric substrates","volume":"95","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2018.2839188","article-title":"Selectable Titanium-oxide Based Critical and Differential Temperature Sensor in a Single Device","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201204082","article-title":"Flexible wireless temperature sensors based on Ni microparticle-filled binary polymer composites","volume":"25","author":"Jeon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25609","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA00871A","article-title":"Wearable temperature sensor based on graphene nanowalls","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303874","article-title":"Wearable, Human-Interactive, Health-Monitoring, Wireless Devices Fabricated by Macroscale Printing Techniques","volume":"24","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1021\/nn500845a","article-title":"Fully printed, highly sensitive multifunctional artificial electronic whisker arrays integrated with strain and temperature sensors","volume":"8","author":"Harada","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2018.2814204","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Optically Transparent Resistive Pressure Sensors Based on a Graphene\/Polyaniline-Embedded PVB Film","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tc32138j","article-title":"Low-voltage blue-phase liquid crystals with polyaniline-functionalized graphene nanosheets","volume":"2","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2007.908437","article-title":"Miniaturized Flexible Temperature Sensor","volume":"16","author":"Moser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064518","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3093680","article-title":"Multiwalled carbon nanotube films as small-sized temperature sensors","volume":"105","author":"Sarno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:08Z","timestamp":1760188988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194105","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]}}}