{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T21:36:05Z","timestamp":1783287365339,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["004000514119067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004000514119067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["004000546319529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004000546319529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)","award":["2018YFF0300300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFF0300300"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prefabrication (PC) projects have many advantages, such as cost and energy savings and waste reduction. However, some problems still exist that hamper the development of prefabrication projects. To improve PC project performance and advance innovation in construction, this study introduces an innovative method that incorporates Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Long Range (LoRa) technologies, sensor networks, the BIM model and cloud computing to automatically collect, analyze and display real-time information about PC components. It can locate PC components on a construction site and monitor their structural performance during the installation process. RFID technology and strain sensors were used to collect the required data on a construction site. All the data was transmitted to a server using LoRa technology. Then, the cloud-based Building Information Modelling (BIM) model of the project was developed to store and vividly present project information and real-time onsite data. Moreover, the cloud-based BIM model enables project team members to access the project information from anywhere by using mobile devices. The proposed system was tested on a real PC project to validate its effectiveness. The results indicate that the sensor network can provide reliable data via LoRa technology, and a PC component can be accurately located on site. Also, the monitoring data of structural performance for the PC component during the installation process is acceptable. The proposed method using innovative technologies can improve PC project performance and help industry professionals by providing sufficient required information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1569383478000},"page":"4131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Development of Intelligent Prefabs Using IoT Technology to Improve the Performance of Prefabricated Construction Projects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6624-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhansheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"Mbachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Society &amp; Design, Bond University, Gold Coast 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2014.07.013","article-title":"Measuring the impact of prefabrication on construction waste reduction: An empirical study in China","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.12.076","article-title":"Identifying best design strategies for construction waste minimization","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.10.030","article-title":"Life-cycle energy analysis of prefabricated building components: An inputeoutput-based hybrid model","volume":"112","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.05.012","article-title":"Cloud asset-enabled integrated IoT platform for lean prefabricated construction","volume":"93","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.12.024","article-title":"Integrating Building Information Modeling and Prefabrication Housing Production","volume":"100","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.12.004","article-title":"A real-time monitoring system for lift-thickness control in highway construction","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shi, W., Wu, C., and Wang, X. (2018, January 10\u201313). A Prototype Tool of Optimal Wireless Sensor Placement for Structural Health Monitoring. Proceedings of the 25th EG-ICE International Workshop, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.172","article-title":"A review on five key sensro for monitoring of concrete structures","volume":"204","author":"Taheri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Construct. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.008","article-title":"A review of some advanced sensors used for health diagnosis of civil engineering structures","volume":"129","author":"Das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.10.033","article-title":"Static\u2013dynamicmulti-scalestructuraldamageidentification in amulti-objectiveframework","volume":"332","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of things in industries: A survey","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.10.008","article-title":"Supporting smart construction with dependable edge computing infrastructures and applications","volume":"85","author":"Kochovski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajeswari, S., Kannan, S., and Rajakumar, K. (2017, January 15\u201316). A smart agricultural model by integrating IoT, mobile and cloud-based big data analytics. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Contro, Madurai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2C2.2017.8321902"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.15302\/J-FEM-2017104","article-title":"Is servitization of construction the inevitable choice of Internet Plus construction?","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15988","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715988","article-title":"Evolution of RFID Applications in Construction: A Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Valero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2010.12.002","article-title":"A service-oriented integrated information framework for RFID\/WSN-based intelligent construction supply chain management","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.01.002","article-title":"A framework for using mobile computing for information management on construction sites","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, H., Gluhak, A., Meissner, S., and Tafazolli, R. (2013, January 5\u20139). Integration of BIM and live sensing information to monitor building energy performance. Proceedings of the 30th CIB (International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction) International Conference, Brisbane, QLD, Australia."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.12.011","article-title":"Cloud-based materials tracking system prototype integrated with radio frequency identification tagging technology","volume":"63","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.05.010","article-title":"CoSMoS: A BIM and wireless sensor based integrated solution for worker safety in confined spaces","volume":"45","author":"Riaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Cho, Y.K., Zhang, S., and Perez, E. (2016). Case study of BIM and cloud-enabled real time RFID indoor localization for construction management applications. J. Constr. Eng. Manag., 142.","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001125"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1139\/l2012-059","article-title":"Estimating productivity of earthmoving operations using spatial technologies","volume":"39","author":"Montaser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Diggelen, F.V. (2002, January 15\u201318). Indoor GPS theory and implementation. Proceedings of the IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Piscataway, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teizer, J., Lao, D., and Sofer, M. (2007, January 19\u201321). Rapid automated monitoring of construction site activities using ultra-wideband. Proceedings of the 24th international Symposium on Automation & Robotics in Construction (ISARC), Madras, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2007\/0008"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Aryan, A. (2011). Evaluation of Ultra-Wideband Sensing Technology for Position Location in Indoor Construction Environments. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Waterloo]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2010.07.009","article-title":"Application of WiFi-Based indoor positioning system for labor tracking at construction sites: A case study in Guangzhou MTR","volume":"20","author":"Woo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/2.940014","article-title":"Location systems for ubiquitous computing","volume":"34","author":"Hightower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Nuaimi, K., and Kamel, H. (2011, January 25\u201327). A survey of indoor positioning systems and algorithms. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/INNOVATIONS.2011.5893813"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458287","article-title":"Locating the nodes: Cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Patwari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signal. Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:1(11)","article-title":"Tracking components and maintenance history within a facility utilizing radio frequency identification technology","volume":"21","author":"Ergen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civil. Eng. (ASCE)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2006.07.004","article-title":"Tracking and locating components in a precast storage yard utilizing radio frequency identification technology and GPS","volume":"16","author":"Ergen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.12.001","article-title":"Real-time locating systems applications in construction","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kennedy, S., Hamilton, J., and Martell, H. (2006, January 25\u201327). Architecture and system performance of SPANNovAtel\u2019s GPS\/INS solution. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE\/ION Position, Location, And Navigation Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000177","article-title":"Analysis of three indoor localization technologies for supporting operations and maintenance field tasks","volume":"26","author":"Taneja","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.08.017","article-title":"Real-time safety early warning system for cross passage construction in Yangtze riverbed metro tunnel based on the internet of things","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.10.017","article-title":"Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications","volume":"34","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2017.12.004","article-title":"Long-short range communication network leveraging LoRa\u2122 and wake-up receiver","volume":"56","author":"Aoudia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microprocess. Microsyst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"LoRa Alliance (2015). LoraWAN\u2122, Specification v1.0, Lora Alliance, Inc."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"IEEE (2011). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networkspart 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goursaud, C., and Gorce, J. (2015). Dedicated Networks for IoT:PHY\/MAC State of the Art and Challenges, EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things.","DOI":"10.4108\/eai.26-10-2015.150597"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Guo, S., Wei, G., Xiang, Y., Lin, X., and Lorenz, P. (2016). Building Low-Cost Gateways and Devices for Open LoRa IoT Test-Beds. International Conference on Testbeds and Research Infrastructures, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2019, August 20). Semtech LoRa modulation basics. Available online: https:\/\/www.rfwireless-world.com\/Terminology\/LoRa-modulation-vs-CSS-modulation.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wixted, A.J., Kinnaird, P., Larijani, H., Tait, A., Ahmadinia, A., and Strachan, N. (November, January 30). Evaluation of LoRa and LoRaWAN for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the SENSORS, 2016 IEEE, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2016.7808712"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Li, L., Ren, J., and Zhu, Q. (November, January 31). On the application of LoRa LPWAN technology in sailing monitoring system. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS), Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatcharatiansakul, N., Tuwanut, P., and Pornavalai, C. (2017, January 12\u201314). Experimental performance evaluation of LoRaWAN: A case study in Bangkok. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/JCSSE.2017.8025948"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhaylov, K., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4j\u00e4rvi, J., and Janhunen, J. (2017, January 12\u201315). On LoRaWAN scalability: Empirical evaluation of susceptibility to inter-network interference. Proceedings of the Networks and Communications (EuCNC), 2017 European Conference, Oulu, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2017.7980757"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2016.2647247","article-title":"Low power wide area network analysis: Can LoRa scale?","volume":"6","author":"Georgiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bor, M., and Roedig, U. (2017, January 5\u20137). LoRa Transmission parameter selection. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2017.10"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2797274","article-title":"Spreading factor allocation for massive connectivity in LoRa systems","volume":"22","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babazadeh, M. (2019). Edge analytics for anomaly detection in water networks by an Arduino101-LoRa based WSN. ISA Trans.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.01.015"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.06.005","article-title":"Internet of Fish: Integration of acoustic telemetry with LPWAN for efficient real-time monitoring of fish in marine farms","volume":"163","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.08.058","article-title":"A city-scale IoT architecture for monumental structures monitoring","volume":"131","author":"Addabbo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/0583102406061499","article-title":"A summary review of wireless sensors and sensor networks for structural health monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Lynch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock Vib. Digest"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2003.07.001","article-title":"High frequency piezoelectric signatures for diagnosis of seismic\/blast induced structural damages","volume":"37","author":"Bhalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"NDT&E Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921705055254","article-title":"A conceptual structural health monitoring system based on vibration and wave propagation","volume":"4","author":"Mal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/16\/4\/003","article-title":"Concrete structural health monitoring using embedded piezoceramic transducers","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevillano, E., Sun, R., and Perera, R. (2016). Damage Detection Based on Power Dissipation Measured with PZT Sensors through the Combination of Electro-Mechanical Impedances and Guided Waves. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050639"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera, R., P\u00e9rez, A., Garc\u00eda-Di\u00e9guez, M., and Zapico-Valle, J.L. (2017). ActiveWireless System for Structural Health Monitoring Applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122880"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X.W., Su, Y.H., and Han, J.P. (2014). Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure using optical fiber sensing technology: A comprehensive review. Sci. World J.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/652329"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-013-0045-4","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of high-rise buildings connected by link bridges","volume":"4","author":"Roussel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Civil. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.33","article-title":"Instrumentation and health monitoring of cable supported bridges","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2010.6.5_6.439","article-title":"Structural health monitoring of a cable-stayed bridge using smart sensor technology: Deployment and evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2011.06.011","article-title":"Vibration based structural health monitoring of an arch bridge: From automated OMA to damage detection","volume":"28","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2012.00781.x","article-title":"A wireless sensor network-based structural health mon- itoring system for highway bridges","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Civil. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.08.026","article-title":"Binocular vision measurement and its application in full-field convex deformation of concrete-filled steel tubular columns","volume":"130","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2019.06.011","article-title":"High-accuracy multi-camera reconstruction enhanced by adaptive point cloud correction algorithm","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2012.02.015","article-title":"Leveraging passive RFID technology for construction resource field mobility and status monitoring in a high-rise renovation project","volume":"24","author":"Costin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Automat. Construct."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guven, G., Ergen, E., Erberik, M.A., Kurc, O., and Birg\u00f6n\u00fcl, M.T. (2012). Providing guidance for evacuation during an emergency based on a real-time damage and vulnerability assessment of facilities. Comput. Civil. Eng., 586\u2013593.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412343.0074"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.04.007","article-title":"A BIM-enabled information infrastructure for building energy fault detection and diagnostics","volume":"44","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasini, D., Ventura, S.M., Rinaldi, S., Bellagente, P., Flammini, A., and Ciribini, A.L.C. (2016, January 12\u201315). Exploiting Internet of Things and building information modeling framework for management of cognitive buildings. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference, Trento, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISC2.2016.7580817"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.09.005","article-title":"BIMSL: A generic approach to the integration of building information models with real-time sensor data","volume":"84","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastbaz, M., Gorse, C., and Moncaster, A. (2017). Development of a building information modelling (BIM)-based real-time data integration system using a building management system (BMS). Building Information Modelling, Building Performance, Design and Smart Construction, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50346-2"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7763\/IJET.2018.V10.1062","article-title":"Application and Mechanics Analysis of Multi-function Construction Platforms in Prefabricated-Concrete Construction","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05016003","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000214","article-title":"Innovative Flexible Structural System Using Prefabricated Modules","volume":"22","author":"Gunawardena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Archit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X., Li, J., Laflamme, S., Bennett, C., and Matamoros, A. (2015, January 8\u201312). Characterization of a soft elastomeric capacitive strain sensor for fatigue crack monitoring. Proceedings of the SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2176631"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smart bricks for strain sensing and crack detection in masonry structures","volume":"27","author":"Downey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1076-0342(2008)14:1(64)","article-title":"Energy harvesting for structural health monitoring sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infrastruct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health monitoring system developed for Tianjin 117 high-rise building","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Demers, D. (2019, August 30). LoRa Networks in Buildings Reduce Infrastructure Costs. Available online: http:\/\/iotdesign.embedded-computing.com\/articles\/lora-networks-in-buildings-reduce-infrastructure-costs\/."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2013). Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for Data Sharing in the Construction and Facility Management Industries, ISO."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2004). Industrial Automation Systems and Integration\u2014Product Data Representation and Exchange\u2014Part 11: Description Methods: The EXPRESS Language Reference Manual, ISO."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"IFC (2014). Industry Foundation Classes Release 4, Industry Foundation Classes."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.11.004","article-title":"Extending IFC to incorporate information of RFID tags attached to building elements","volume":"30","author":"Motamedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson, M., Roup\u00e9, M., and Bosch-Sijtsema, P. (2015). Real-time visualization of building information models (BIM). Automat. Construct., 54.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2015.03.018"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Lin, J., Zhang, J., Wen, Q., and Wang, F. (2015, January 27\u201329). Leveraging BIM in Settlement Monitoring and Impact Management for Subway Excavation. Proceedings of the 32nd CIB W78 Conference, Eindhoven, The Netherlands."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:39Z","timestamp":1760189019000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]}}}