{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:37:20Z","timestamp":1782743840255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2017ZX05019001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017ZX05019001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Foundation of China National Petroleum Corporation","award":["No. 2017D-5007-0306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017D-5007-0306"]}]},{"name":"University and Research of Science and Technology Development Center of Ministry of Education","award":["No. 2018A03009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2018A03009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To dynamically monitor the horizontal well, we studied the oil\u2013water two-phase water holdup detection method based on transmission lines, and designed a micro-sensor and a sensor-array water holdup detection tool. We modeled the relationship of the dielectric constant of the transmission line filling medium and the amplitude and phase shift of the electromagnetic wave signal on the transmission line by using the time-domain analysis. We proposed a novel method to measure the water holdup of oil\u2013water mixtures based on the phase shift of signals on the conical spiral transmission line. Furthermore, we simulated and optimized the structural parameters by software simulation, and developed a small conical spiral water holdup sensor suitable for arraying. The single sensor with detection circuits can achieve the full scale (water holdup from 0% to 100%) measurement with resolution better than 3%. On this basis, 12 sensors are used to develop a clock-like sensor-array water holdup detection tool, realizing the array detection of the distribution of the cross-section medium in horizontal wells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1569383478000},"page":"4140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Novel Conical Spiral Transmission Line Sensor-Array Water Holdup Detection Tool Achieving Full Scale and Low Error Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8520-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houquan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoquan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipment and Sales Branch, China Petroleum Logging CO. LTD., Xi\u2019an 710077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6741-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoxian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-7043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiefu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77044, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, C., Waters, G., and Rylander, E. (2011, January 14\u201316). Evaluation of production log data from horizontal wells drilled in organic shales. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2118\/144326-MS"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ryan, N., and Hayes, D. (2001, January 17\u201320). A new multiphase holdup tool for horizontal wells. Proceedings of the SPWLA 42nd Annual Logging Symposium, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"70","article-title":"New sensor development helps optimize production logging data acquisition in horizontal wells","volume":"53","author":"Zett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Petrophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Frisch, G., Jung, M., Alldredge, P., Zett, A., and Webster, M. (2009, January 21\u201324). Providing accurate PI interpretation with multi-probe, multi-sensor tools in segregated flow environments. Proceedings of the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, Houston, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/2\/025304","article-title":"The development of a conductance method for measuring liquid holdup in horizontal oil\u2013water two-phase flows","volume":"23","author":"Zhai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, W., Kong, L., Li, L., Liu, X., Xie, R., Li, J., and Tang, H. (2016). The finite element analysis for a mini-conductance probe in horizontal oil\u2013water two-phase flow. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091352"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measurement of oil\u2013water interface characteristics in horizontal pipe using a conductance parallel-wire array probe","volume":"99","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Jin, N., Zhai, L., and Ren, Y. (2019). Characterizing flow instability in oil-gas-water three-phase flow using multi-channel conductance sensor signals. Chem. Eng. J.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.113"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, L., William, P., Nor, H., and Tong, T. (2016). Design of helical capacitance sensor for holdup measurement in two-phase stratified flow: A sinusoidal function approach. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071032"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Kong, L., Xie, B., Fang, X., Kong, W., Liu, X., Wang, Y., and Zhao, F. (2019). The Influence on response of a combined capacitance sensor in horizontal oil\u2013water two-phase flow. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9020346"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2011.04.008","article-title":"Capacitance sensor for hold-up measurement in high-viscous-oil\/conductive-water core-annular flows","volume":"22","author":"Strazza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhai, L., Yan, C., Wang, H., and Jin, N. (2018). Capacitive phase shift detection for measuring water holdup in horizontal oil\u2013water two-phase flow. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072234"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishimaru, A. (2017). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119079699"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Wu, X., Jin, Z., and Zhao, H. (1993, January 3\u20136). The design and development of microwave holdup meter and application in production logging interpretation of multiphase flows. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.2523\/26451-MS"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"74","article-title":"Coaxial transmission line phase method for measuring water content of oil well","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"76","article-title":"Optimized design of the coaxial line sensor","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Daqing Pet. Inst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/16\/5\/019","article-title":"Design rules for the optimization of the sensitivity of open-ended coaxial microwave sensors for monitoring changes in dielectric materials","volume":"16","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.10.030","article-title":"Microwave measurements of dielectric properties using a gap-coupled multi-mode coaxial resonator","volume":"48","author":"Kapilevich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"361","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of measuring dielectric constant of oil\u2013water mixture based on electromagnetic wave on coaxial line","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Well Logging Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"27","article-title":"Research and experiment on electromagnetic wave water holdup sensor","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transducer Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, X., Sun, W., He, F., Yang, Z., and Peng, Y. (2014). Coupling analysis of low-speed multiphase flow and high-frequency electromagnetic field in a complex pipeline structure. Math. Probl. Eng., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/508571"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"93","article-title":"Water holdup measurement method based on microwave transmission line principle","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oil Gas Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.06.014","article-title":"Determination of water content and salinity from a producing oil well using cpw probe and eigendecomposition","volume":"125","author":"Mohamed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1506","article-title":"Water holdup measurement of oil\u2013water two-phase flow based on CPW","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Wei, Y. (2019, January 18\u201320). Study on Water holdup detection method and downhole tools development of oil\u2013water two-phase flow based on multiple transmission lines. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gas, Oil and Petroleum Engineering (GOPE-2019), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Yu, H., Chen, Q., Liu, G., and Chen, J. (2019). Measurement of water holdup in oil\u2013water two-phase flows using coplanar microstrip transmission lines sensor. IEEE Sens. J.","DOI":"10.1109\/WMCaS.2019.8732538"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.28786","article-title":"A semianalytical finite element analysis of electromagnetic propagation in stratified media","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40212","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2855693","article-title":"A novel fractal contact-electromechanical impedance model for quantitative monitoring of bolted joint looseness","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2219031","article-title":"Discontinuous Galerkin time-domain methods for multiscale electromagnetic simulations: A review","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, M., Li, W., Wang, J., Wang, N., Chen, X., and Song, G. (2018). Development of a novel guided wave generation system using a giant magnetostrictive actuator for nondestructive evaluation. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030779"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.07.007","article-title":"Experimental flow pattern map, slippage and time\u2013frequency representation of oil\u2013water two-phase flow in horizontal small diameter pipes","volume":"76","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiph. Flow"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2630739","article-title":"Response Characteristics of Coaxial Capacitance Sensor for Horizontal Segregated and Non-Uniform Oil\u2013Water Two-Phase Flows","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Frisch, G., Perkins, T., and John, Q. (October, January 29). Integrating wellbore flow images with a conventional production log interpretation method. Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.12677\/jogt.2016.381004","article-title":"Analysis on imaging interpolation algorithm for logging data of water holdup array tool in horizontal wells","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oil Gas Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"27","article-title":"The Flow Imaging Algorithm Study on Logging Data of Capacitor Array Tool","volume":"34","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Well Logging Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:46Z","timestamp":1760189026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]}}}