{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:47:08Z","timestamp":1760240828778,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The magneto-mechanical behaviour of structural steel specimens stressed up to the plastic deformation stage was investigated using a 2nd order gradiometer based on Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) sensors. The correlation between the gradient of the magnetization and the dislocation density before the crack initiation inside the test material was reported. The capability of the GMR scanning sensor to detect the residual magnetization due to the tensile stress with a non-invasive technique was demonstrated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1569467211000},"page":"4147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of Magnetomechanical Effect in Structural Steel Using GMR 2nd Order Gradiometer Based Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Carmela","family":"Bonavolont\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN\u2014Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Valentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN\u2014Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, sezione di Napoli, 80126 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4338-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Penta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5724-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Granata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti del CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania \u201cL. 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