{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T08:01:31Z","timestamp":1778313691046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]],"date-time":"2019-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51935002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51935002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the introduced innovative R&amp;D team of Dongguan","award":["201536000600028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201536000600028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheel diameter is a significant geometric parameter related to the safe operation of trains, and needs to be measured dynamically. To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, most existing dynamic measurement methods and systems do not meet the requirement that the wheel diameter measurement error for the high-speed vehicle is less than 0.3 mm. In this paper, a simple method for dynamically and precisely measuring train wheel diameter using three one-dimensional laser displacement transducers (1D-LDTs) is proposed for the first time, and a corresponding measurement system which was developed is described. The factors that affect the measurement accuracy were analyzed. As a main factor, rail deformation caused by the wheel-rail interaction force at low (20 km\/h) and high (300 km\/h) speeds was determined based on the combination of multi-body dynamics and finite element methods, and the effect of rail deformation on measurement accuracy is greatly reduced by a comparative measurement. Field experiments were performed to verify the performance of the developed measurement system, and the results of the repeatability error and measurement error of the system were both less than 0.3 mm, which meets the requirement of wheel diameter measurements for high-speed vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1569467211000},"page":"4148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A High-Precision Method for Dynamically Measuring Train Wheel Diameter Using Three Laser Displacement Transducers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fajia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2854-044X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qibo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2010.12.053","article-title":"Experimental investigation between rolling contact fatigue and wear of high-speed and heavy-haul railway and selection of rail material","volume":"271","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"British Standard (2016). Railway Applications. In-Service Wheelset Operation Requirements. In-Service and off-Vehicle Wheelset Maintenance, British Standards Institution. BS EN 15313."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Riftek (2019, August 10). Wheel Diameter Measuring Gauge. Available online: https:\/\/riftek.com\/eng\/products\/~show\/instruments\/railway-devices\/wheel-diameter-measuring-gauge-idk."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2803780","article-title":"A High Accuracy Imaging and Measurement System for Wheel Diameter Inspection of Railroad Vehicles","volume":"65","author":"Torabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1117\/12.521460","article-title":"A new method for automatically measuring geometric parameters of wheel-sets by laser","volume":"5253","author":"Qibo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"409","article-title":"Online measuring method of the wheel set wear based on CCD and image processing","volume":"5633","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Hegenscheidt-MFD (2019, August 10). Machines Used in Wheelset Machining. Available online: https:\/\/www.hegenscheidt-mfd.com\/en\/railway-technology\/machines-used-in-wheelset-machining\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9507213","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9507213","article-title":"A Novel Online Detection System for Wheelset Size in Railway Transportation","volume":"2016","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2015.11.053","article-title":"Online detection system for wheel-set size of rail vehicle based on 2D laser displacement sensors","volume":"127","author":"Xing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. -Int. J. Light Electron Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"IEM (2019, August 10). Wheel Profile System. Available online: http:\/\/www.iem.net\/products?id=150."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"KLD Labs, Inc. (2019, August 10). Wheel Profile Measurement. Available online: http:\/\/www.kldlabs.com\/index.php?s=%20wheel+profile+measurement."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"MERMEC (2019, August 10). Profile and Diameter. Available online: http:\/\/www.mermecgroup.com\/%20diagnosticsolutions\/trainmonitoring\/87\/wheelprofile-and-diameter.php."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chinese Standard (2014). Temporary Technical Requirements of On-Line Fault Detection System for Passenger Train, China Railway. TJ\/CL405-2014."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Naumann, H.J. (1998). Wheelset Sensing System. (5,767,973), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.3788\/CJL20083507.1059","article-title":"A Novel Method for Dynamically Measuring Diameters of Train Wheels Using Laser Displacement Transducers","volume":"35","author":"Qibo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.09.005","article-title":"A simple method for dynamically measuring the diameters of train wheels using a one-dimensional laser displacement transducer","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5270","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.005270","article-title":"Dynamic tread wear measurement method for train wheels against vibrations","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Z., Sun, J., and Zhang, G. (2016). Dynamic Measurement for the Diameter of a Train Wheel Based on Structured-Light Vision. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16040564"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Micro-Epsilon (2019, September 13). Optoncdt 2300. Available online: https:\/\/www.micro-epsilon.com\/displacement-position-sensors\/laser-sensor\/optoNCDT_2300_basic\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Dassault Systemes (2019, September 13). Abaqus CAE. Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/products-services\/simulia\/products\/abaqus\/abaquscae\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019, September 13). Dassault Systemes. Simpack. Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/products-services\/simulia\/products\/simpack\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:55Z","timestamp":1760189035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,25]]}}}