{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:44:43Z","timestamp":1770889483273,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]],"date-time":"2019-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61875047 and 61505041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61875047 and 61505041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["YQ2019F006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2019F006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Financial Grant from the Heilongjiang Province Postdoctoral Foundation","award":["LBH-Q18052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Q18052"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000928","name":"Welch Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C-0586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) based carbon dioxide (CO2) sensor with a fixed wavelength quantum cascade laser (FW-QCL) was demonstrated. The emission wavelength of the FW-QCL at 4.42 \u03bcm in the mid-infrared spectral region matched a fundamental CO2 absorption line. Amplitude modulation of the laser intensity was used to match the resonant photoacoustic (PA) cell. The noise from the background was reduced with the correlation demodulation technique. The experimental results showed that the sensor had excellent signal stability and a concentration linear response. When the integration time was 1 s, a 1\u03c3 minimum detection limit (MDL) of 2.84 parts per million (ppm) for CO2 detection was achieved. The long-term stability of the sensor was evaluated by means of an Allan deviation analysis. With an integration time of ~100 s, the MDL was improved to 1 ppm. This sensor was also used to measure the CO2 concentration from some common emission sources, such as cigarette smoking, automobile exhaust, and the combustion of some carbon-containing materials, which confirmed the stability and robustness of the reported FW-QCL based CO2-PAS sensor system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T03:03:15Z","timestamp":1569553395000},"page":"4187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Sensitive Carbon Dioxide Sensor Based on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with a Fixed Wavelength Quantum Cascade Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shunda","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Yinqiu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank K.","family":"Tittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K. 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