{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T19:02:55Z","timestamp":1766084575199,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 41801043; Grant No. 51778475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 41801043; Grant No. 51778475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funding of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering","award":["Grant No. SKLFSE201712, SKLFSE201815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. SKLFSE201712, SKLFSE201815"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is essential to monitor the ground temperature over large areas to understand and predict the effects of climate change on permafrost due to its rapid warming on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter for the energy budget of permafrost environments. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST products are especially valuable for detecting permafrost thermal dynamics across the QTP. This study presents a comparison of MODIS-LST values with in situ near-surface air temperature (Ta), and ground surface temperature (GST) obtained from 2014 to 2016 at five sites in Beiluhe basin, a representative permafrost region on the QTP. Furthermore, the performance of the thermal permafrost model forced by MODIS-LSTs was studied. Averaged LSTs are found to strongly correlated with Ta and GST with R2 values being around 0.9. There is a significant warm bias (4.43\u20134.67 \u00b0C) between averaged LST and Ta, and a slight warm bias (0.67\u20132.66 \u00b0C) between averaged LST and GST. This study indicates that averaged MODIS-LST is supposed to be a useful data source for permafrost monitoring. The modeled ground temperatures and active-layer thickness have a good agreement with the measurements, with a difference of less than 1.0 \u00b0C and 0.4 m, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T11:14:35Z","timestamp":1569582875000},"page":"4200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Using MODIS Land Surface Temperatures for Permafrost Thermal Modeling in Beiluhe Basin on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caichu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 31200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2642","article-title":"Groundwater flow as a cooling agent of the continental lithosphere","volume":"9","author":"Kooi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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