{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:31:33Z","timestamp":1779100293462,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface plasmon resonance-based fiber-optic sensors are of increasing interest in modern sensory research, especially for chemical and biomedical applications. Special attention deserves to be given to sensors based on tilted fiber Bragg gratings, due to their unique spectral properties and potentially high sensitivity and resolution. However, the principal task is to determine the plasmon resonance wavelength based on the spectral characteristics of the sensor and, most importantly, to measure changes in environmental parameters with high resolution, while the existing indirect methods are only useable in a narrow spectral range. In this paper, we present a new approach to solving this problem, based on the original method of determining the plasmon resonance spectral position in the automatic mode by precisely calculating the constriction location on the transmission spectrum of the sensor. We also present an experimental comparison of various data processing methods in both a narrow and a wide range of the refractive indexes. Application of our method resulted in achieving a resolution of up to 3 \u00d7 10\u22126 in terms of the refractive index.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T05:58:33Z","timestamp":1569823113000},"page":"4245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Method for Determining the Plasmon Resonance Wavelength in Fiber Sensors Based on Tilted Fiber Bragg Gratings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Egor","family":"Manuylovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Mokhovaya 11-7, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4985-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirill","family":"Tomyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Mokhovaya 11-7, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5464-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg V.","family":"Butov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, 125009 Moscow, Mokhovaya 11-7, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(98)00321-9","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance sensors: Review","volume":"54","author":"Homola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actua. B Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/645162","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber and Planar Waveguide Sensors","volume":"2009","author":"Kashyap","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010012","article-title":"Plasmonic Fiber Optic Refractometric Sensors: From Conventional Architectures to Recent Design Trends","volume":"17","author":"Klantsataya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.753","article-title":"Survey of the year 2004 commercial optical biosensor literature","volume":"18","author":"Rich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2431912","article-title":"High Resolution NIR TFBG-Assisted Biochemical Sensors","volume":"33","author":"Albert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1515\/zna-1968-1247","article-title":"Notizen: Radiative Decay of Non Radiative Surface Plasmons Excited by Light","volume":"23","author":"Kretschmann","year":"1968","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung A"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"398","article-title":"Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection","volume":"216","author":"Otto","year":"1968","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1021\/jp022130v","article-title":"A Nanoscale Optical Biosensor: Real-Time Immunoassay in Physiological Buffer Enabled by Improved Nanoparticle Adhesion","volume":"107","author":"Riboh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kneipp, K., Kneipp, H., Itzkan, I., Dasari, R.R., and Feld, M.S. (2002). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and biophysics. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 20120026.","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/14\/18\/202"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8411-6","article-title":"Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: improving the limit of detection","volume":"407","author":"Caucheteur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2174\/1874328501307010058","article-title":"Fiber Optic Plasmonic Sensors: Past, Present and Future","volume":"7","author":"Srivastava","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Opt. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4943623","article-title":"Plasmonic fiber-optic vector magnetometer","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.108","article-title":"Fiber optic SPR sensor for liquid concentration measurement","volume":"192","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.27397","article-title":"Characteristics of optical fiber refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance","volume":"55","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.10.038","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor for the detection of low water content in ethanol","volume":"153","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.01.003","article-title":"Analyte-filled core self-calibration microstructured optical fiber based plasmonic sensor for detecting high refractive index aqueous analyte","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.002032","article-title":"Surface-plasmon-resonance-based fiber-optic refractive index sensor: Sensitivity enhancement","volume":"50","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, S.K., Varshney, C., and Gupta, B.D. (2013, January 19\u201322). Sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic refractive index sensor using an additional layer of zinc oxide. Proceedings of the Fifth European Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2026061"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1021\/nn204953e","article-title":"Lab-on-Fiber Technology: Toward Multifunctional Optical Nanoprobes","volume":"6","author":"Consales","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-008-9055-1","article-title":"Sensitivity of Optical Fiber Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance: Modeling and Experiments","volume":"3","author":"Kanso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01241D","article-title":"Lab-on-fiber technology: a new vision for chemical and biological sensing","volume":"140","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7609","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01314","article-title":"Electrochemical surface Plasmon resonance fiber-optic sensor: In-situ detection of electroactive biofilms","volume":"88","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.08.058","article-title":"Improved detection limits of protein optical fiber biosensors coated with gold nanoparticles","volume":"52","author":"Staff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomyshev, K.A., Chamorovskiy, Y.K., Ustimchik, V.E., and Butov, O.V. (2017, January 24\u201328). Polarization stable plasmonic sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating. Proceedings of the 2017 25th Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2267575"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomyshev, K.A., Tazhetdinova, D.K., and Butov, O.V. (2017, January 22\u201325). High-resolution fiber plasmon sensor. Proceedings of the Electromagnetics Research Symposium\u2014Spring (PIERS), St. Petersburg, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIERS.2017.8261705"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113106","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5045180","article-title":"High-resolution fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for biomedical applications","volume":"124","author":"Tomyshev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800541","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201800541","article-title":"Ultrastable Combined Planar-Fiber Plasmon Sensor","volume":"216","author":"Tomyshev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.10.081","article-title":"Cancer biomarker sensing using packaged plasmonic optical fiber gratings: Towards in vivo diagnosis","volume":"92","author":"Ribaut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2645233","article-title":"Specific Detection of Aquaporin-2 Using Plasmonic Tilted Fiber Grating Sensors","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.09.019","article-title":"Small biomolecule immunosensing with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensor","volume":"77","author":"Ribaut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2013.07.007","article-title":"High resolution grating-assisted surface plasmon resonance fiber optic aptasensor","volume":"63","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16456","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.016456","article-title":"High resolution fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensors with single-sided gold coatings","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.000637","article-title":"Polarization-selective grating excitation of plasmons in cylindrical optical fibers","volume":"35","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.000211","article-title":"Plasmon resonances in gold-coated tilted fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"32","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.01.018","article-title":"Surface plasmon resonance fiber sensor for real-time and label-free monitoring of cellular behavior","volume":"56","author":"Shevchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201100039","article-title":"Tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.047","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of urinary protein variations using tilted fiber grating sensors with plasmonic nanocoatings","volume":"78","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.50.004257","article-title":"Interrogation technique for TFBG-SPR refractometers based on differential orthogonal light states","volume":"50","author":"Voisin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11464","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.011464","article-title":"Intrinsic temperature sensitivity of tilted fiber Bragg grating based surface plasmon resonance sensors","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600157","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201600157","article-title":"A true fiber optic refractometer","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laser Photonics Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2585738","article-title":"Polarization-Assisted Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors: Tutorial and Review","volume":"35","author":"Caucheteur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAB.31.002354","article-title":"Long-range surface plasmons on gold-coated single-mode fibers","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.31.002118","article-title":"Fiber-Bragg-grating-assisted surface plasmon-polariton sensor","volume":"31","author":"Nemova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.07.030","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of molecular interactions with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensors","volume":"51","author":"Voisin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Aliaksandr, B. (2014). Tilted Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors with Resonant Nano-Scale Coatings. [Ph.D. Thesis, Carleton University]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-015-9973-7","article-title":"Experimental Comparison of Fiber-Optic Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors with Multi Metal Layers and Single Silver or Gold Layer","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Bracewell, R.N. (2000). The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.4.308","article-title":"A Simplex Method for Function Minimization","volume":"7","author":"Nelder","year":"1965","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/je60014a011","article-title":"Densities and Refractive Indices of Alcohol-Water Solutions of n-Propyl, Isopropyl, and Methyl Alcohols","volume":"7","author":"Chu","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Edward, W. (1933). Washburn, International Critical Tables, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1117\/12.518857","article-title":"Water refractive index in dependence on temperature and wavelength: a simple approximation","volume":"5068","author":"Bashkatov","year":"2003","journal-title":"SPIE Proc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50064a004","article-title":"Guidelines for data acquisition and data quality evaluation in environmental chemistry","volume":"52","author":"MacDougall","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"712A","article-title":"Limit of Detection A Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition","volume":"55","author":"Long","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4245\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:26:02Z","timestamp":1760189162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4245"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194245","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]}}}