{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:32:39Z","timestamp":1778203959015,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014718","name":"Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61771060;61471047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61771060;61471047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014718","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the fabrication of 1-3 piezoelectric composites by using PZT5-A pure piezoelectric ceramics and the preparation of a high-frequency single-directional planar underwater ultrasound transducer by using the developed composites. First, three material models of the same size were designed and simulated by ANSYS finite element simulation software. Next, based on the simulation results, the 1-3 piezoelectric composites were developed. Finally, a high-frequency single-directional planar underwater ultrasound transducer was fabricated by encapsulating and gluing the 1-3 piezoelectric composites. The performance of the transducer was tested, and results showed that the device was characterized by single-mode operation in the working frequency band, a high transmitting voltage response, and single directivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T09:00:38Z","timestamp":1570525238000},"page":"4336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Design and Fabrication of a High-Frequency Single-Directional Planar Underwater Ultrasound Transducer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qiguo","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensing Technology Research Center, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87632M","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2017004","article-title":"Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS VI\u2014Design and fabrication of a 5 MHz ultrasonic phased array probe with curved transducer","volume":"8763","author":"Fischer","year":"2013","journal-title":"SPIE Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, D.J., Buiochi, F., and Elvira, L. (2014, January 3\u20136). Graded piezocomposite for the construction of air-coupled ultrasound transducer. Proceedings of the Ultrasonics Symposium, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2014.0515"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5408(78)90161-7","article-title":"Connectivity and piezoelectric-pyroelectric composites","volume":"13","author":"Newnham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"375","article-title":"Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity in polymers","volume":"24","author":"Furukawa","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Electrets."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Auld, B.A., Kunkel, H.A., Shui, Y.A., and Wang, Y. (November, January 31). Dynamic Behavior of Periodic Piezoelectric Composites. Proceedings of the Ultrasonics Symposium, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, W.A., Shaulov, A., and Auld, B.A. (1985, January 16\u201318). Tailoring the Properties of Composite Piezoelectric Materials for Medical Ultrasonic Transducers. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.1985.198589"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/58.67833","article-title":"Modeling 1-3 composite piezoelectrics: Thickness-mode oscillations","volume":"38","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Gentilman, R., Fiore, D., Serwatka, W., Pham, H., Pazol, B., Near, C., and Bowen, L. (1995, January 9\u201312). SonoPanel 1-3 piezocomposite hydrophone-actuator panels. Proceedings of the Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment Oceans, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.04.095","article-title":"Dielectric and ferroelectric hysteresis properties of 1\u20133 lead magnesium niobate\u2013lead titanate ceramic\/Portland cement composites","volume":"38","author":"Chaipanich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/00150193.2012.677722","article-title":"High Performance of Novel 1\u20133-Type Composites Based on Ferroelectric PZT-Type Ceramics","volume":"430","author":"Topolov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ferroelectr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1109\/58.265820","article-title":"Piezoelectric materials for acoustic wave applications","volume":"41","author":"Gualtieri","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Solal, M., and Gelly, J.F. (1988, January 2\u20135). A new method to decrease grating sidelobes level in medical acoustic arrays. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jr GA, R., Pizzochero, A., and Bent, A.A. (August, January 21). Recent advances in active fiber composites technology. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"196","article-title":"Improved performance in piezoelectric fiber composites using interdigitated electrodes","volume":"2441","author":"Bent","year":"1995","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Du Plessis, A.J. (1996). Modeling and Experimental Testing of Twist Actuated Single Cell Composite Beams for Helicopter Blade Control. [Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1524711","article-title":"Finite-element analysis of periodic piezoelectric transducers","volume":"93","author":"Ballandras","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Simon, C., Vanbaren, P., and Ebbini, E. (1998, January 5\u20138). Combined imaging and therapy with piezocomposite phased arrays. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Sendai, Japan."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1283","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of acoustics transducers using the ANSYS software","volume":"26","author":"Mo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tech. Acoustics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/00150199408229543","article-title":"Development of fine scale and large area piezoelectric ceramic fiber\/polymer composites for transducer applications","volume":"157","author":"Livneh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ferroelectrics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04628.x","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of PZT\/Thermoplastic Polymer Composites for High-Frequency Phased Linear Arrays","volume":"77","author":"Stevenson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-3069(00)00025-X","article-title":"Design and study on a 1\u20133 anisotropy piezocomposite sensor","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-002-1956-9","article-title":"UV laser micromachining of piezoelectric ceramic using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser","volume":"78","author":"Zeng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-4247(94)87004-7","article-title":"PZT-polymer composites fabricated with YAG laser cutter","volume":"40","author":"Ohara","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00506337","article-title":"Partially stabilized zirconia-polymer composites fabricated with an ultrasonic cutter","volume":"12","author":"Ohara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gachagan, A., Bennett, J., and Hayward, G. (November, January 31). A finite-element modelling approach into the influence of mechanical matching and damping in 1-3 piezocomposites. Proceedings of the Ultrasonics Symposium, Cannes, France."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505996","article-title":"Air-Coupled Piezoelectric Transducers with Active Polypropylene Foam Matching Layers","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1358889","article-title":"The design, fabrication, and measured acoustic performance of a 1-3 piezoelectric composite Navy calibration standard transducer","volume":"109","author":"Benjamin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Zhu, J. (2008). Optimization of Matching Layer Design for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University]."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Luan, G., Zhang, J., and Wang, R. (2005). Piezoelectric Transducer and Transducer Array, Peking University Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4336\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:28:12Z","timestamp":1760189292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/19\/4336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s19194336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s19194336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]}}}